THE UNIVERSITY

OF ILLINOIS

LIBRARY

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IBER 1906.]

[Price 10s.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.

118th session.

From November 1905 to June 1906.

LONDON :

printed for the LINNEAN SOCIETY,

BUBLINGTON HOUSE, PICCADILLY, W.,

BY TATIOB AND yBANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

rir

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.

115th session.

From November 1902 to June 190^

LONDON:

PRINTED FOR THE LINNEAN SOCIETY,

BURLINGTON HOUSE, PICCADILLY, W.

1903.

PRINTED BY TATIOK AKD PEANCIS,
KED IJON COUllT, FLEET STREET.

^^-'">%c.

CONTENTS.

List of Publications issued iv

Proceedings of the 115th Session i

Abstracts of Papers and Exhibitions 42

Additions to the Library 50

Donations ^—^ 79

Index 80

820494

Publications of the Society issued during the period, 1st July,
1902, to 31st July, 1903 :—

Journal (Botany), Nos. 179-180, 21st Oct., 1902.

No. 246, 30th July, 1903.

„ 249, 1st January, 1903.

„ 250, 1st April, 1903.

„ 251, 30th June, 1903.

„ (Zoology), No. 186, 1st May, 1903.

„ 187, 30th July, 1903.

Transactions (2nd Ser. Botany), Yd. VI. Part it., Jan. 1903.

„ T., Jan. 1903.

„ Ti., May 1903.

(2nd Ser. Zoology), Vol. YIII. Part ix., Oct. 1902.

X., Peb. 1903.

„ XI., Feb. 1903.

„ XII., July 1903.

Vol. IX. „ I., July 1903.

„ II., July 1903.

Proceedings, 114th Session, 1901-1902, October 1902.

List of [Pellows, Associates, and Foreign Members], 1902-1903.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.

(OXE HUNDRED A.^B FIFTEENTH SESSION, 1902-1903.;

November 6th, 1902.
Prof. Sydney H. Vines, F.E.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.
Mr. William Soathworth was elected a Fellow of the Society.

The following paper was read : —

" Xotes on a Natural History Journev in Chile." Bv Henry
J. Elwes, F.E.S., F.L.S.

November 20th, 1902.

Prof. Sydney H. Vines, F.E.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Prof. Alfred William Alcock was elected, and Mr. Edward
Augustus Bowles was admitted a Fellow of the Society.

Mr. R. Morton Middleton, F.L.S. , gave an account of tue
dissertation by Linnaeus on Siren lacertiaa, annotated by tne
author, which he had found in a dealer's possession, and since
then had been presented to the Society by tlie Treasurer.

LINN. SOC. PROCEEDINGS. — SESSION 1902-1903. b

2 PROCEEDIXGS OF THE

Mr. W. C. WoESDELL, F.L.S., showed a series of anomalous
virescent flowers of Helenium autumnale, six strong plants in the
garden at Friar Pai'k, Henley, the residence of the Treasurer,
being thus affected.

Mr. H. E. H. Smedlet, F.L.S., F.G-.S., exhibited large wax
models of the fossil seeds of Steplianospennum aJcenioides aud
Lar/enostoiiia, the latter occurring in the Lower Coal-Measures of
Lancashire ; he also showed a model of a recent Cycad for
comparison.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On Digestion in Plants." By Prof. Sydney H. Vines,
r.E.S., Pres. Linn. Soc. (See p. 42.)

2. " On the Eelation of Histogenesis to Tissue Morphologv.''
By Arthur G. Tausley, F.L.S. (See p. 43.)

3. " On the Stelar Structure of Schiztva and other Ferns.""
By Leonard A. Boodle, F.L.S. (See p. 44.)

December 4th, 1902.
Mr. AViXLiAM CAREUinERS, F.E.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

The Eey. Thomas Verrier Alkiu, Mr. Leslie Gordon Corrie,_
Mr. Arthur Disbrowe Cotton. Mr. Eobert Laurence Heinig,
Mr. Hugh Martin Leake, Mr. Harold Hart Mann, and Mr. Alfred
AVilliam Oke were elected, and Mr. John Parkin, Prof. Alfred
William Alcock, and Mr. Ernest John Lewis were aduiitted
Fellows of the Society.

The Kev. Johzn' Geeae.1), S.J., exhibited specimens of a Pohjgala
from Gi'assiugton, in the AVest Eiding of Yorkshire, collected by
Mr. Lister Eotheray from the locality discovered by Mr. John
Cryer in May last ; the plant has been named P. amarella, Crantz.
by Professor E. Chodat of Geneva. He also showed a monstrous
form of Geum rivcde, Linn., from between Long Preston and Settle,
detected by Mr. Eotheray ; the terminal flower was apparently
normal, but about one inch and a half below the calyx there
appeared a whorl of about twenty petaloid members, on extremely
long " cla"ws," and surrounded by a series of leaf-like bracts.

The discussion was carried on by Messrs. B. Daydon Jackson,
W. C. Worsdell, Henry Groves, and A. Bennett.

Mr. E. MoETOx MiDDLEToy showed an extremely well-developed
fasciated stem of Asparagus ; and remarks on it were made by
Dr. D. 8. Scott aud Mr. W. C. Worsdell.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 3

Dr. Geoege Hendehsox called atteution to a passage iu the
Georsjics of Virgil (I. 73 seqq.), in which the poet, after recom-
mending a system of fallouing, proposes as au alternative means
of restoring the fertility of the soil, that before taking a second
grain crop, the soil should be refertilized, by planting it with a
leguminous crop. (See p. 45.)

The following papers were read : —

1. " On some JSTew and Eare Corals from Funafuti." Bv
Gilbert C. Bourne, F.L.S.

2. " The Morphology of the Flowers and Fruits of the Xiflosteum
Section of Lonicera.'' By E. A. Xewell Arber, F.G.S. (Commu-
nicated by Albert C. Seward, F.L.S.)

3. "Xote on Cco-cw Tolmiei, Boott.'' Bv C. Baron Clarke,
F.R.S., F.L.S.

4. " On the Indian Phalangidae contained in the Indian Museum
at Calcutta." Bv Herr C. With of Copenhagen. (Communicated
by Dr. H. J. Hansen, F.M.L.S.)

December ISth, 1902.

Prof. Sydney H. Vines, F.R.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Mr. Frederick Ernest Grant and Mr. John Graham Kerr were
elected, and Mr. Arthur Disbrowe Cotton and Mr. Alfred William
Oke were admitted Fellows of the Society.

Mr. John Pinches sent for exhibition a sketch-book con-
taining about 90 highly finished coloured drawings of British
larvae, drawn by Mr. J. Standish.

The following papers were read : —

1. " Notes on some Copepoda from the Faroe Channel." By
Thomas Scott, F.L.S.

2. " The Amphipoda of the ' Southern Cross ' Antarctic
Expedition, with remarks on Bipolaritv." Bv Alfred 0. Walker,
F.L.S.

3. " The Deep-Sea Isopod Anuropus branchiatus, Bedd., and
some remarks on Bathiinomus gigaateus, A. M.-Edw." By Dr. H.
J. Hansen, F.M.L.S. '

Notice was given from the Chair that the next Meeting, to be
held on Thursday, January 15th, 1903, at 8 p.m., would be made
a Special General Meeting to consider the advisabihty of applying
for a Supplementarv Charter.

4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

January 15th, 1903.

Mr, Frank Crisp, LL.B., B.A., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Mr. Arthur Grove was elected a Fellow and Mr, Andrew
Scott an Associate, and Mr. William Southworth and Mr. Hugh
de Beauvoir de Havillaud were admitted Fellows o£ the Society.

The Meeting having been made Special for the consideration of
certain proposals, as announced from the Chair on the 18th
December last, and communicated to the Fellows by Circular
Letter of the 31st December, the Chairman explained, that the
President was pi-evented from presiding by illuess, and briefly
recapitulated the steps which had led to the proposals to be
submitted for the consideration of the Fellows, which had been
printed, and were in the hands of those present [and here re-
printed].

The Eev. T. E. E. Stebbing, F.E.S., then moved : — " That this
Meeting approving of the alterations in the constitution of the
Linnean Society of London, as shown in the printed statement
circulate 1, hereby authorizes the Council to take the necessary
steps to C'btain a Supplementary Charter embodying the said
alterations, and thereafter to prepare revised Bye-Laws in ac-
cordance with the provisions of the new Charter."

This was seconded by Dr. J. Eeynolds Green, and further
discussed by Dr. J. Murie, Mr, Francis Darwin, Mr. H. J, Elwes.
Mr, A, K. Coomaraswamy, Mr, W. Carruthers, Mr. A, G. Tansley,
and Mr. W. M. Webb.

The first alteration, adding the words " luithout distinction of sex '*'
to the existing paragraph on page 5 of the Charter as printed,
was put from the Chair, and the result of the Ballot was declared
as follows : — In favour, 54 : not in favour, 17 ; and the motion
was thereupon declared to be carried.

The other alterations were explained by the Chairman, and
discussed, Mr. James Groyes suggested that the remaining
jilterations should be adjourned, on the ground of insuflicient notice.
The discussion was continued by Mr. W. Bruce Bannermau,
Prof, G. F. Boulger, Mr. V. I. Chamberlain, Mr. F. J. Hanbury,
Dr, J. Murie, Prof. H. G, Seeley, Mr, E. M, Holmes, Mr, W. F.
Kirby, Eev. T. E, E, Stebbing, and Mr. E. M, Middleton,

Mr, James Groves's amendment not being seconded, was not
put. The motion in favour of the adoption of the remaining
alterations, as shown in the printed statement in the hands of the
Fellows, was then put to the Ballot, the votes being : — In favour,
43 : not in favour, 3. Whereupon the Chairman declared the
remaining alterations carried.

LINXEAX SOCIETY OF LO>"DON.

Chanr/es sm/gested in the Supjilemental Charter.
(Additions or oniissions are shown by Italic t3'pe.)

Present Charter.

P.O.

"... and such others as shall from
Time to Time . . ."

P. 6.

" \^that there shall he an indrfi)iite
dumber of Fellows of the said Society ;
and'\ ".

"... Treasui'er and Secretary . . ."

P. 7.

"... Council shall consist of Fifteen
Members . . ."

"... on the Twenty-fourth Day of
May in every succeeding Year, unless
the same shall happen to be on a Sunday,
and then on the Day following, assemble
together at the then last, or other usual
Place of meeting of the said Society,
and proceed, by Method of Ballot, to
[put out and amove anij\ Five of the
Members who shall have composed the
Council of the preceding Year ; and
shall and may in like Manner, by
Metliod of Ballot, elect Five other dis-
creet Persons fi-om amongst the Fellows
of the said Society, to supply the Places
and Offices of such Five [cs may have
been so put out and amoved~\ ; it being
Our Royal Will and Pleasure, that
One-\third'\ of the Members of the said
Council, and no more, shall \be'\ annually
[changed and removed by the Fellows
of the said Society] ; And, also, that
they the said Fellows, or any Twenty -
one or more of them, shall and may, at
the Time and Place, and in Manner
aforesaid, by Method of Ballot, elect,
from among the Members of the said
Council, when formed and elected, in
Manner aforesaid, Three fit and proper
Persons, one of such Persons to be
President, another of such Persons to
be Treasurer, and the other of such
Persons to be Secretary of the said
Society . . ."

P. 8.

"... Death of any of the Members
of the Council, or of the President,
Treasurer, or Secretary, for the time
being, within the space of Three
Months . . ."

"... to elect such persons to be
Fellows . . ."

"... determining the Times and
Places of Meeting; . . ."

Suggested Changes.

"... and such others without dis-
tinction of sex as shall from Time to
Time . . .'"

Omit.

"... Treasurer, and at least one
Secretary . . ."

"... Council shall consist of Twenty
Members . . ."

" . . . on the Twenty-fourth Day of
May in every succeeding Year, unless
the same shall happen to be on a Sunday,
or Bank Holiday, and then on the Day
following, or such other Day within the
same week as the President shall fix,
assemble together at the then last, or
other usual Place of meeting of the said
Society, and proceed, by Method of
Ballot, to determine which Five of the
Members who shall have composed the
Council of the preceding Year shall
retire ; and shall and may in like Manner,
by Method of Ballot, elect Five other
discreet Persons from amongst the Fel-
lows of the said Society, to supply the
Places and Offices of such Five retiring
Members ; it being Our Royal Will and
Pleasure, that One-fourth of the Mem-
bers of the said Council, and no more,
shall annually retire ; And, also, that
they the said Fellows, or any Twenty-
one or more of them, shall and may, at
the Time and Place, and in Manner
aforesaid, by Method of Ballot, elect,
from among the Members of the said
Council, when formed and elected, in
Manner aforesaid. Three or more fit and
proper Persons,, one of such Persons to
be President, another of such Persons to
be Treasurer, and the other or others of
such Persons to be Secretary or Secre-
taries of the said Society . . ."

"... Death of any of the Members
of the Council, or of the President,
Treasurer, or any Secretary, for the
time being, within the space of Six
Months . . ."

" . . .to elect such ))erson8 without
distinction of sex to be Fellows . . ."

" determining the Number of Fellows
to be annually elected, and the Times
and Places of Meeting . . ."

6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

February oth, 1903.

Prof. Sydney H. Vines, F.E.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the General and Special Meetings held on the
15th January were read and confirmed.

Keferring to t-Q exhibition on 4th December, 1902, by Rev. John
Gerard, of a monstrous form of Oeum rivale, Mr. B. Daydon
Jackson exhibited specimens in further illustration of median pro-
liferation, from the herbarium of Sir James Edward Smith, and the
British collection in the possession of the Society. He also stated
that the proliferous form was mentioned by C. Merrett, in his
'Pinax,' 1667, p. 22, as occurring "at Brearcliff, in a wood of
Mr. Brearcliif, below his house," and by John Ray, in his ' Synopsis,'
1690, p. 89, as Carijophyllatamjloreamplopurjyureo quadruplici ant
quintuplici serie petalorum (jbservavit D. Lawson prope Strickland
magnum in Com. AVestmorland." This locahty is mentioned by
J. Petiver in his ' English Plants,' tab. 40. fig. 4, in 1713, when
figuring the plant as " Childing Avens." Later authors, as Relhan
in his 'Elora Cantabrigiensis,' 1785, p. 200 ; ed. 3, 1820, p. 207 ;
and Withering's 'Arrangement,' ed. 2, 1787, p. 538; ed. 3, 1796,
vol. ii. p. 478, refer to this form ; the latter author also states
that " when cultivated in a dry soil, the flowers are apt to become
double or proliferous," op. cit. p. 478.

Mr. C. H. Weight, A..L.S., on behalf of Sir W. T. Thiselton-
Dyer, K.C.M.G., exhibited amphicarpic fruit in specimens of
(1) Cardamine cJienopodifolia, Pers. ; (2) TrifoUum ptolymorplmm,
Poir. ; and (3) Vicia amphiccupa^ Dorth.

The President and Professor J. B. Farmer added some remarks,
to which Mr. Wright replied.

Mr. H. E. H. Smedlby, F.L.S., exhibited twelve wax models of
longitudinal and transverse sections of the following seeds : —
Stephanospermum al-enioides, Pachytesta from the French Permo-
Carboniferous Formation, Lagenostoma from the English Coal-
Measures, with the recent Torreya and Zamia, in illustration of
Prof. Oliver's paper.

The following paper was read : —

•■ On Stephanospermum^ Brongn., a Genus of Fossil Gymno-
spermatous Seeds." By Prof. F. W. Ohver, F.L.S.

February 19th, 1903.

Prof. Sydney H. Vines, F.E.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Mr. John Clayton, of Bradford, presented a set of thirty-
two photographs to illustrate the celebrated Cowthorpe Oak, near

LINXEAX SOCIETY OF LOXDON. 7

Wetherby, Yorkshire. From the time of John Evelyn this oak
has been described, measured, and its age guessed at. Mr. Clayton,
in a printed summary of 22 pages, gives an account of the various
observers who have mentioned the oak in question, and many of
the photographs are designed for comparison with other remark-
able trees, amongst them the Crowhurst Yew in Sussex, the great
Chestnut at Tortworth, and the Greendale Oak in Welbeck Park.
In 1S93 careful measurements and photographs were made of the
tree, on four different visits in January, April, June, and October.
The author's deduction from these data is, that the age of the
tree has been greatly over-estimated ; his own belief being that
oOO years is the extreme limit of its age, from sapling to its
present decrepitude and decay.

Copies of the photographs and text have been limited to ten ; this
copy being presented to the Society through Mr. William "West,
E.L.S, The donor was voted the special thanks of the Society
for his gift.

Dr. Geoege Hexdeesox, F.L.S., offered " Some Eemarks on
the possible uses of Essential Oils in the Economy of Plant-life."
(See p. 46.)

A discussion followed in which Mr. T. Christy, Mr. "\V. C.
Worsdell, Mr. G. Massee, Mr. A. P. Young, Prof. J. Percival,
and the President took part, and Dr. Henderson replied.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On the Electric Pulsation accompanying Automatic Move-
ments in Desmodium cfi/mns." By Prof. Jagadis Chunder Bose,
CLE. (Communicated by the President.)

2. " On Cerataphis Latanke, a peculiar Aphid." By Miss
Alice L. Embleton, B.Sc. (Communicated by Prof. G. B. Howes,
Sec. L.S.)

3. " On Specialization of Parasitism in the Erysiphacese." By
Mr. Ernest S. Salmon, F.L.S.

March oth, 1903.
Prof. Sydney H. Yines, E.E.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Mr. Joseph Burtt Davy, Dr. Felix Eugen Fritsch, Mr. Eobert
Hall, and Mr. George Whitfield Smith were elected, and
Mr. Arthur Gro^e was admitted a Fellow.

Rev. T. E.E. Stebbing, F.E.S., exhibited a collection of Spiders
and Wasps from Singapore, made by Mr. C. J. Saunders.

(1) Spiders found in 11 clay cells built between the boards of
a thin book standing upright on a book-shelf ; the space } inch
broad by 5 inch high, and 4| to 5 inches long. Mr. Saunders

6 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE

reckoned that each cell contained 10 or 11 spiders and a single
grub. He says : — " I did not see the actual insect that made
these cells, though its noise attracted me. I know the beast,
however, and believe it to be of the same kind (? identical one) as
the bee [wasp] in the tube. This bee flew on to my table near
the sheif, and kindly investigated a cigarette-holder which I
promptly closed up with my finger; I was able then to blow it
into the tube. Many o£ the spiders, especially the larger ones,
were alive, they could move their legs but not walk ; at least one
little one let itself down into the tube by a thread." He found a
small fly in one cell, and others later in a different set of cells.
He remarks that the Chinese must have noticed the spider- trap ping
habit, since they say of certain bees that they "adopt" spiders
and bring them up as young bees.

(2) Contents of another set of cells, built in a corner of the
verandah, in two vertical rows, about 13 cells in all. The spiders
were all of one kind, 56 in number, with three half-eaten and two
skins. They were all in the upper cells. In the lowest four
cells there were four hard grub-cases. In the two next above
these there were two soft grub-cases. In all these no spiders,
but some silk. Then came a grub with no spider, but a great
deal of silk in its cell. Next a grub with part of a spider and a
good deal of silk, and finally cells with plenty of spiders and one
grub to each cell, smaller and smaller to the top. In other cells
there were several specimens of the small fly and flv-pupae. Some
sets of cells differed from the rest by each having a distinct cover
to the opening.

(3) Contents of a set of cells, the topmost of which was closed
while Mr. Saunders was examining other sets. The day before
had been wet, but even the topmost cell, which was not yet dry,
contained a grub.

In the lowest cell he found 1 grub eating a spider, with 9 other

spiders.
In the 2nd cell, 1 small grub and 7 spiders.
In the 3rd cell, 1 small grub eating a large spider, and 6 other

spiders.
In the 4th cell, 1 tiny grub eating a large spider, and 8 other

spiders.
In the 5th (scax'cely dry), 1 tiny grub eating a spider, and 10
other spiders (including 2 pale spiders with greenish hairy
legs).
In the 6th (still wet), 1 tiny grub eating a pale spider, and

7 other spiders of the usual kind.
The exhibitor also remarked, that in the family Crabronidae or
Sphegidae Ammophila hh-suta, a British species of Sand-wasp, is
said to provision its nest with spiders. The same habit has long
been known in Pelapceus spirifex (Linn.\ belonging to the same
family. Also in the family Pompilidnc, species of Pompilus are
known to attack large spiders and make them a provision for
their young ones.

LINNEA.N SOCIETY 0¥ LOXUON. 9

Latreille, in 1802, quotes a letter from Cossigny to Eeaumur,
desci'ibiag the behaviour of Pelopoeus spirifex to spiders in the
Isle de Prance. Latreille named the geuus Peloj>osi(s, the mud-
worker, or potter.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On some Points in the Visceral Anatomy of the Chara-
cinidse, with an Enquiry iuto the Relations of the ' Ductus
pneumaticus ' in the Physostomi generally.'" By W. S. Rowntree,
P.L.S.

2. "On the Anatomy of the Pig-footed Bandicoot (Clueropus
castanotis)." By P. Gymer Parsons, P.L.S.

3. " Further Notes on the Lemurs, with especial reference to
the Brain." By Dr. G. Elliot Smith. (Communicated by Prof.
G. B. Howes, Sec. L.S.)

March 19th, 1903.
Prof. Sydkey H. Vines, P.R.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.
Mr. Joseph Burtt Davy was admitted a Fellow of the Society.

Mr. Clement Reid exhibited drawings by Mrs. Reid of fruits
and seeds of British Preglacial and Interglacial plants (Thalami-
florae). In each case the specimens illustrated were the earliest
known representatives of the species. Most of the plants are
still living in Britain ; but among the Thalamiflorse from the
Cromer Forest-bed occur seeds of Hypecoum, a genus specially
characteristic of the Mediterranean region, and no longer found
living nearer than Southern France. The fossil seeds coi'respond
closely with the living Hypecoum penduhmi of Southern France, and
either belong to that species or to a closely-allied extinct form.

The seeds of all the species of Hypecoum are covered by a curious
close mosaic of cubic crystals, apparently calcium oxalate, which
fill square pits in the surface of the testa. Traces of these pits are
still found on some of the fossil seeds.

Mr. E. G, Baker, Dr. A. B. Rendle, and Prof. J. B. Farmer
joined in a discussion on the exhibition, and Mr. Reid replied.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On Poa laxa and Poa stricfa of our British Floras.'' By
George Claridge Druce, F.L.S.

2. " The Botany of the Ceylon Patanas, Part II. — Anatomical
Investigations of the Leaves of the Plants occurring in the Patanas.'"
By J. Parkin, M.A., F.L.S., and H. H. W. Pearson, M.A., F.L.S.

lO PEOCEEDIKGS OF THE

April 2nd, 1903.
Prof. SxDjSrEy H. Viis^es, E.E.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

The General Secretary alluded to the account of the Linnean
Collections, given on the hundredth Aniversary of the Society,
24th May, 1888, and the statement that an interchange of speci-
mens from the herbarium of Linnaeus, about 1785, for Banksian
material, incorporated in the Smithian herbarium, had taken place
(Proc. 1887-88, p. 28), but that the actual exchanges could not be
traced.

During the autumn of 1902, when examining some unbound
letters and other MSS. which belonged to Sir J. E. Smith, a small
octavo note-book was found [shown to the Meeting] headed
" Desiderata Banksiana, Jan. 1785," and consisting of seventeen
leaves, with names of plants in double columns, and on the last
leaf a note in pencil thus : " circa 2000 ; Peb. 9th, communicata
ex H. L. patris 81." Certain entries were obliquely marked down
in red ink, and these being counted proved to be equal in number
with those stated in the last-mentioned note, which were com-
municated "ex H[erbario] L[iun8ei] patris." A few of these have
been compared with the Linnean herbarium, to make certain that
only duplicates were parted with by Smith in this exchange, by
which, as has been previously stated, "... the herbaria of Banks
and Smith were enriched at the expense of the Linnean herbarium "
(Proc. 1887-88, p. 28, footnote).

Mr. E. M. Holmes and Mr. P. N. "Williams made some remarks,
and Mr. B. Daydon Jackson replied.

The following papers were read : —

1. " A List of Marine Algye collected by Mr. J. Stanley Gardiner
at the Maldive and Laccadive Islands." By Mrs. A. Gepp (Ethel
S. Barton). (Communicated by Mr. A. Gepp, M.A., P.L.S.)

2. " The Comparative Anatomy of Cyatheacese and other Perns."
By D. T. Gwynne Vaughan. (Communicated by Dr. D. H. Scott,
Sec.L.S.) (See p. 47.) -

April 16th, 1903.

Eev. Thomas E. E. Stebbing, P.E.S., Vice-President,
in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Mr. Laurence Lewton-Brain was elected a Pellow of the Society.

LINNEA^ SOCIETY OF LONDON. II

Dr. Geoege Hendebson exhibited a coloured sketch of a
withered leaf of Quercus incana, Roxb., and of slugs which ai'e
found amongst the dead leaves. He stated that he had brought
the drawing of the mollusc and leaf to show their strange
resemblance both in colour and outline. He found these slugs
common at Dalhousie in the Punjab, on ground which is always
covered with the withered leaves of this oak. A few black slugs
were to be found with the light-brown specimens, and whilst the
latter seemed to escape the notice of birds, the former were taken.
He adduced some instances of animals changing colour in
accordance with their environments.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On some Points in connection with the Ordinary Develop-
ment of Vaucheria Eesting-Spores." B)^ Dr. H. Charlton Bastian,
F.E.S., F.L.S.

2. " The Labial and Maxillary Palpi in Diptera." By Walter
Wesche, F.R.M.S. (Communicated bv Mr. Greorge Massee,
F.L.S.)

3. " Observations on Freshwater Hhizopods, with some Remarks
on their Classification." By Prof. G-. S. West, F.L.S.

May 7th, 1903.

Prof. Sydney H. Vines, F.R.S,, President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Mr. William Dennis, Mr. James Stuart Thomson, and Mr. Mon-
ague Frank Hopson were elected Fellows of the Society.

In view of the approaching Anniversaiy Meeting the Rev.
Thomas R. R. Stebbing and Mr. George Sharp Saunders were
elected by show of hands Auditors on behalf of the Council, and
Mr. Horace W. Monckton and Mr. Charles Baron Clarke on the
part of the Fellows.

Mr. G. S. Saundehs exhibited living specimens of the Carnivorous
Slug, TestaceUa haliotidea, which he bad received the previous day
from Torquay.

The following papers were read : —

1 . " The Ingolfiellidae, fam. nov. : a new type of Amphipoda."
By Dr. H. J. Hansen, F.M.L.S.

12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

2. The Evolution of the Australian Marsupialia ; with Eemarks
on the Eelationships of the Marsupials in general." By Mr. B.
Arthur Beusley, (Communicated by Prof. G. B. Howes,
Sec. L.S.)

3. " Copepoda Calanoida from the Faroe Channel and other parts
of the North Atlantic." By the Eev. Canon Norman, F.E.S.,

r.L.s.

May 25th, 1903.

Anniversary Meeting.

Prof. Sydney H. Vines, F.E.S,, President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Dr. Felix Eugen Fritsch and Mr. Thomas George Hill were
admitted Fellows of the Society.

The Eev. T. E. E. Stebbing on behalf of the Auditors presented
the accounts of the past financial year ending on the 30th April
(see p. 13).

Mr. Heney Gboves expressed a hope that Dr. Prior's legacy of
£100 would be applied to the permanent benefit of the Society,
and asked for information as to an apparent increase in the
Salaries.

The General Secretary pointed out that the usual employment
of legacies was by the purchase of books for the Libraiy, each
volume bearing a label of its origin from the testator in question ;
he also stated that the apparent increase was due to a gilt of .£50
to Mr. Harting on his removal from the residential rooms
belonging to the Society.

The General Secretary read his report of deaths, withdrawals,
and elections as follows : —

Since the last Anniversary Meeting 12 Fellows had died or their
deaths been ascertained : —

Mr. Edwin Bostock.
Mr. William Bull.
Mr. J. AVilliam Groves.
Mr. Charles C. P. Hobkirk.
Mr. Alfred Vaughan Jennings.
Mr. W.. T.Hume McCorquodale.

Mr. Charles Maries.

Eev. John James Muir.

Dr. E. C. Alexander Prior.

Sir Charles Shelley.

Mr. Charles Marcus Wakefield.

Eev. Thomas Wiltshh'e.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LOJJDON.

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14 PiiOCEEDINGS OE THE

Associate.
Mr. John Bain.

Poeeign Members.
Dr. Julius Victor Carus. | Monsieur Trangois Crepin.

The following sixteen J^^ellows have resigned : —

Mr, William Bruce Baunerman. I Mr. Charles Alphonse Le Doux.

Mr. Frederick William Barbidge. ! Dr. John Lowe.

Mr. Edgar Franklin Cooper. : Eev. Edmund McClure.

Prof. Robert O. Cunningham. [ Major John E. A. McNair.

Mr. Greorge Johnson Eookes. j Mr. Albert Molineux.

Mr. George Arthur Grierson. ; Dr. David Thomson Playfair.

Mr. Kenneth Hurlstone Jones. [ Mr. William Thomas Eabbits.

Mr. Henry Laver. I Mr. Charles Topp,

Twenty-eight Eellows (of whom 23 have qualified) have been
elected.

The Librarian's report was read as follows : —

"During the past year 6S volumes and 162 pamphlets have
been received as Donations from Private Individuals.

"Erom the various Universities, Academies, and Scientific
Societies, 274 volumes and 94 detached parts have been received
in exchange and otherwise, besides 73 volumes and 42 parts
obtained bv exchange and as donations from the Editors and Pro-
prietors of independent Periodicals.

" The Council had sanctioned the purchase of 171 volumes, and
96 parts of important works.

" The total additions to the Library are therefore 586 volumes
and 294 separate parts,

" The number of books bound duriug the year is as follows :—
In half-morocco 292 volumes, in half-calf 3 volumes, in full
cloth 19.5 volumes, in vellum 21 volumes, in buckram 18 volumes,
in bourds or half-cloth 15 volumes. Eelabelled (half-morocco and
cloth backs) 32 volumes. Total 576 volumes."

The General Secretary having read the Bye-Laws governing the
elections,

The President opened the business of the day, and the Eellows
present proceeded to vote by ballot for the Council and Officei-s.

The ballot for the Council having been closed, the President
appointed Mr. J. G. Baker, Dr. A. B. Eendle, and Mr. E. Morton

LINXEAN SOCIETi' OF LONDOIS". 1 5

Middleton, Scrutineers, aud the votes having been counted by them
they reported to the President, who thereupon declared the results
as folio us : — Mr. William Caheuthers, Mr. Herbert Deuce,
Mr. W. B. Hems LEY, Eev. T. E. K. Stebbing, and Mr. A. a.
Tansley removed from the Council, and the following elected in
their room • — Eev. E. A. Bullen, Mr. Charles Baron Claekb,
Prof. J. B. Faemee, Dr. W. (x. Eidewood, and Mr. A. C.
Sewaed.

The Ballot for the Officers having been closed, the President
appointed the same Scrutineers, and the votes having been
counted by them, they reported to the President, who thereupon
declared the following to be the Officers elected for the ensuing
year :—

President, Prof. Sydney Howaed Vines.

Treasurer, Mr. Feank Ceisp.

(V . . , • . f Prof. Geoege Bond Howes.

[ Dr. DuKiNFiELD Heney Scott.

The President then delivered his Annual Address.

l6 PKOCEEDINGS OF TILE

PRESIDENTIAL ADDSESS, 1903.

In addressing the Fellows of the Society at their Anniversary
Meeting for the third time, I feel that the occasion is one of
more than usual interest, not untouched with pathos ; for this is
doubtl<-ss the last Anniversary on which the assembled Eellows
will all be of the same sex. The question as to the admission
of Women to our Fellowship had already been raised when
we met here a year ago, and, as I explained in my Address, the
Council had taken steps to ensure that every Fellow should have
an opportunity of expressing his opinion upon so important a
matter. In due coarse a Special General Meeting was summoned
for January 15 of this year, to discuss and vote upon the
question, with the result that the proposal was carried by a large
majority. The Society having thus committed itself to the new
policy, the Council lost no time in taking the necessary steps
to obtain the supplemental Charter and to adapt the Bye-laws
to the altered circumstances. I regret that I am not in a position
to announce to you today that we already possess the power
to exert these new rights and privileges, nor can I tell you when
that moment will arrive. That it is somewhat impatiently
anticipated in certain quarters is shown by the fact that nomina-
tions of Lady-candidates have ah-eady been sent in. The process
of obtaining a Supplemental Charter is evidently one that
cannot be hurried ; but 1 have little doubt that, should you
again honour me with your confidence, it will fall to my lot to
admit the first Lady-fel'ow. In this respect, at any rate, my
tenure of office will be memorable. Regarding the matter, as
I am bound to do, from the point of view of the welfare of the
Society, I must confess that I am not altogether free from
apprehension as to the future. We are making a somewhat
heroic experiment, with no precedent, no working hypothesis,
to suggest to us what the results are likely to be. If purity
of motive can deserve success, then it should certainly be ours :
for this revolution in our constitution is the expression of a sense
of justice, of a desire to extend an equal recognition to all,
whether men or women, who work in or for biological science.
However, we must not shut oar eyes to the fact that the Society
is passing through a serious crisis, and that it claims more
strongly than ever all the support that the loyalty of its Fellows
can give.

The Session that is now closing has been of importance in the
history of the Society, not only as regards this fundamental
question, but also in the scarcely less important matter of ad-
ministration. Tou will remember that a j'ear ago we made
changes in the Executive, placing Mr. B. Daydou Jackson at the
head of it with the title of General Secretary. Like other great
public institutions, the Society had realised the need for higher

LIXNEA^' SOCIEXi' OF LONDON. 17

efficiency, and reorganised aci-ordingly : it has, I think, been more
fortunate than some of them in attaining its object. An ahiiost
incredible amount of work has had to be done for the purpose oi
rendering more accessible the books and collections of the Society,
to the great convenience of Fellows making use of them. More-
over, it has been of considerable advantage to the transaction
of the business of the Society to have secured the regular attend-
ance of a responsible officer who is also a member of Council and
is therefore in a position to act with authority.

The scientific work of the Society has shown increasing activity ;
the supply of interesting and important papers calling for publi-
cation having been such as to tax our financial resources to the
utmost. In addition to the ordinary publications, the Society
is issuing (with the assistance of a graut from the Royal Society)
the concluding parts of Messrs. Forbes and Hemsley's " Enu-
meration of Chinese Plants,'* forming "Vol. 36 of our Botanical
Journal : the completion of this important work, which has been
so long delaj'ed, is a matter of congratulation to all concerned.

Daring the latter half of the Session the Society has most
unfortunately been depi'ived of the valuable services of its
Zoological Secretary, Professor Howes, who has been compelled
by ill-health to give up work for a time, I know that I am only
echoing the sentiments of all present today, when I express the
sympathy which I feel for him, and the hope that he may soon
be restored to his former health and usefulness. In Professor
liowes's absence, the other officers of the Society have done their
best to carry on his work, and in this the}" have been most
kindly assisted by some of the Fellows.

I take this opportunity of formally announcing that the
Linnean Medal this year has been awarded by the Council to
Dr. M. C. Cooke, who has been an Associate of the Society for
over twenty -five years, and is so well known as a high authority in
the department of Mycology.

There must always be an element of sadness in our Anniversary
Meetings, for it is then that we are reminded of the losses that
the Society has sustained. This year the hand of death has
fallen but lightly upon us, and yet we have much to regret. In
Dr. Prior we have lost a Fellow of more than fifty years'
standing, whose name will always be associated with this period
of British Botany. He sliowed his unabated interest, in the
welfare of the Society by a bequest of ,£100. He has fortunately
left behind him an autobiographical sketch which reveals how
active and interesting a life his was. Other old Fellows who
have gone from us are Sir Charles Shelley, the Rev. T. Wiltshire,
who was so long the Secretary of the Ray Society, and William
Bull, so well known as a horticulturist : of more recent date were
Charles P. Hobkirk, the eminent bryologist, and Charles Maries,
the successful plant-collector.

Until a short time ago, I had hoped that I might be able
to announce at this meeting that all our Foreign Members

LIKN. SOC. PROCEEDINGS. — SESSION 1902-1903. C

1 8 PHOCEEDINGS OF THE

had beeu spared to us. But this hope was dispelled bv the
intimation of the death, on March 10, of Juhus Victor Carus,
Professor of Zoology in the University of Leipzig. He was
elected a Foreign Member in 1885, and was especially well known
as the historian of Zoology, as the translator into German of
several of Darwin's works, and as one of the few foreign
Professors who have been engaged in scientific work in British
Universities.

Within a few weeks the sad intelligence arriAed of the death of
yet another of our Foreign Members, M. Francois Crepin, the
distinguished Director of the Royal Botanic Garden in Brussels.
M. Crepin had attained a deservedly high reputation as a
systematic botanist, and was a leading authority on certain groups
of plants, notably the genus Rosa. His election as a Foreign
Member took place but two years ago ; every botanist here today
feels, I am sure, as I do, a profound satisfaction that we did not
fail to take advantage of that opportunity of showing our esteem
and respect for the man and his work whilst he was yet with us.

So recently have these two gaps been made in our list of
Foreign Members, that it has not yet been possible to take the
necessary steps to fill them. I have therefore no election of
Foreign Members to announce to j'ou.

Turning to finance, you have learned that the Treasurer has
barely succeeded in making the two ends meet. It is more true
even than it was last year, that the income of the Society is
not nearly large enough to meet all the demands that might
justifiably be made upon it. So abundant is the supply of
really good papers that, had we the funds available, the bulk
of our annual publications might well be considerably increased.
A larger expenditure upon the Library, and a margin for the
xip-keep of the Society's apartments, are both urgently needed.
It is, I think, a healthy state of affairs in a Society like ours when
the demands for really useful expenditure somewhat exceed the
available funds : it is a sign of growing activity, and it enforces
economv. But when the discrepancy becomes too great, then
efficiency suffers. I do not say that we are yet in this pre-
dicament, but we must make every effort to avoid it.

I think that I have now brought before the Fellows all the
chief events in the history of the Society for the past year, and
have given them some idea of our present state and future
prospects. But it is still a considerable time before the Ballot
can close and we shall be statutably at liberty to separate. Of
what can I profitably discourse to you, so that I may relieve the
tedium of waiting ? I can think of nothing better than that
I should tell you about a subject at which I have been working
for some time past, and upon which I have already made com-
munications to the Society. The subject is the digestion of
proteids by plants. But I shall not by any means confine myself
to plants : it will be absolutely necessary to say something about

LINNEAX SOCIETY OF LONDON. 1 9

the remarkable facts recently brought to light with regard to
proteid-digestion in animals.

Let me, to begin with, very briefly trace the history of
discovery concerning the digestion of proteids by plants. The
first definite evidence of its occurrence was obtained as the i*esult
of the investigation of insectivorous plants by Mr. Darwin,
Sir Joseph Hooker, and Prof. Lawson Tait : in fact, the publica-
tion of Mr. Darwin's book on ' Insectivorous Plants," in 1875,
may be taken as the starting-point. Almost simultaneously a
digestive ferment or enzyme was discovered by von Gorup-
Besanez in the germinating seeds of various plants. This was
followed, in 1879, by AVurtz's demonstration of the digestive
activity of the juice of the Papaw, which was confirmed and
extended by Dr. Martin a few years later. About this time,
Hansen investigated the digestive property of the latex of the
Fig-tree, which had been first observed by Bouchut in 1880.
Shortly afterwards the digestive processes in germinating seeds
were further investigated by Prof. Eeynolds Green. In 1891,
Professor Chittenden published his important researches into the
very remarkable digestive action of Pineapple-juice upon proteids ;
and in the following year, Prof. Green discovered that a similar
property was possessed by the juice of a species of Gourd
{Cucumis utiltssimits).

In 1896, I took up afresh the study of the digestive action
of the liquid of the well-known insectivorous pitcher-plant
Nepenthes, because the accuracy of the earlier observations on
the subject bad been called in question. It had been stated by
Prof. Dubois, amongst others, that the apparent digestive activity
in this case was due, not to any enzyme secreted by the plant
itself, but to the intervention of Bacteria. I made a number
of experiments under antiseptic conditions, with the pitcher-
liquid of Nepenthes, which seem to me to refute the theory of
Bacterial action and to uphold the conclusions of the original
observers. Having become once more interested in the subject,
I proceeded to investigate in greater detail the digestive processes
in Nepenthes and in other plants in which they were then known
to take place, the results of which I shall presently give some
account. But what is perhaps more important, I was led on to
examine many plants and parts of plants in which such processes
were not suspected, to see if any trace of them could be detected,
and I succeeded in doing so in almost every case. I have ob-
tained positive results with such fruits and parts of fruits as the
Melon, the Grape, Orange-peel, the Banana : with the foliage-
leaves of the Dahlia, the Lettuce, the Cabbage, the Spinach, and
many others : with the bulbs of the Tulip and the Hyacinth : the
tubers of the Potato and the Jerusalem Artichoke : the tuberous
roots of the Beet, the Dahlia, and the Turnip ; as also with
Yeast, and with the Mushroom among Fungi. I may in fact
venture to assert that the presence of a protease, or proteid-

c2

20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

digesting enzyme or ferment, in the various parts of the plant-
body is the rule rather than the exception.

I must not omit to mention that my results had been —
although quite unknown to nie — somewhat anticipated by the
researches of Buscalioni and Fermi which were published in 1898.
The method adopted by these authors for detecting digestive
power consisted in observing whether or not the juices of various
plants, or portions of their tissue, did or did not effect the lique-
faction of gelatine, of course under strictly antiseptic conditions.
Whilst their results and mine differ in many points of detail,
they are entirely concordant as regards the main conclusion, the
wide distribution of proteases in plants.

The method employed by me was altogether different from
that of Buscalioni and Fermi, and was devised in connection with
the attempt to determine the nature and mode of action of the
proteases of plants. At the time Avhen investigation in this
direction first began, our knowledge of proteid-digestion in
animals amounted roughly to this, that there were two enzymes
concerned in the process — the pepsin of the stomach, the trypsin
of the pancreas : that the former acted only in an acid medium,
the latter most actively in an alkaline medium ; that the former
merely converted the more complex proteids into simpler sub-
stances of the same group, that is eflfected peptouisation ; whilst
the latter not only peptonised but also decomposed the simpler
proteids into non-proteid substances, that is effected proteolysis.

It was from this point of view that Darwin and other observers
of his time interpreted their discoveries as to the digestion of
proteids by insectivorous plants. Inasmuch as the liquids of
insectivorous plants were found to be active only when acid, it
was naturally assumed that the enzyme which they contain must
be closely allied to the pepsin of animals ; an assumption that was
also made by von Gorup-Besanez with regard to the enzyme
which he extracted from germinating seeds. The first divergent
opinion was expressed by Wurtz, who found that the substance
which he extracted from the Pap:iw, and called papain, was
active not only in acid but also in neutral and alkaline media ;
and he consequently suggested that it was allied rather with
trypsin than with pepsin. This opinion was not conclusive,
because Wurtz had not sufiiciently examined the products of
papain-digestion. The missing evidence was supplied by the
researches of Martin, who found leucin and tyrosiu among the
products of digestion, substances which are characteristic of
digestion by trypsin. Within a few years Prof. Eeynolds Green
observed in the Lupin and the Castor-oil plant, that the protease
of seeds is proteolytic like trypsin ; and he followed up this
discovery by ascertaining that this is true also of the protease
of the Kachri Gourd. In the meantime. Prof. Chittenden had
demonstrated that the protease of the Pineapple possesses similar
properties. Since then I have found, in Nepenthes, Yeast, the
Mushroom, in fact in every one without exception, of the very

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONBOX. 2 1

nimjerous experiments made with various plants and parts of
plants in which I have detected digestive action, that the enzymes
act proteolytically. In view of this accumulating evidence, the
only possible conclusion to be drawn is that the proteases of
plants are essentially proteolytic : there is, in fact, no record
of the existence in any plant of a merely or mainly peptonising
enzyme.

This conclusion has not been arrived at without contradiction.
In the case of the pitcher-plant Nepenthes, the lafe Dr. Clautriau
contested the accuracy of my results, asserting that here was
an instance of simple peptonisation. However, I have never
failed to obtain evidence of proteolysis in digestiA-e experiments
with the pitcher-liquid, and can only suggest that the conditions
of Dr. Clautriau's experiments were in some way unsuitable,
probably because the necessary acid was not supplied. More
recently Dr. Mendel has asserted that papain can peptonise but
not proteolyse the higher proteids. tn a paper which is shortly
to be published, I have shown, I think conclusively, that the
cause of the divergence between Dr. Mendel's results and my own
is that the antiseptic which he used in his experiments interfered
with the action of the enzyme.

I may now very briefly describe the methods which I have
adopted for the purpose, (1) of detecting the presence of a
protease, and (2) of determining the nature of its action.

In the first instance, the method employed was the usual one
of submitting some blood-fibrin to the action of the liquid, with
due antiseptic precautions, and observing the more or less
complete solution of it in the course of the experiment. It was
in this way that the digestive activity of Nepenthes-\\C[\x\d, Papaw,
of Pineapple-juice, and of solutions of papain, had been first
discovered ; and it Mas in this ^ay that I detected it in the Yeast,
the Mushroom, the Melon, and other plants. But in many
cases the result was altogether negative, and for the moment
I followed the usual course of accepting this as evidence for the
total absence of digestive power in these cases.

Confining my attention to the positive results, I endeavoured to
ascertain, by an examination of the products of digestion, what
had been the action of the protease in each case, whether merely
peptonising or completely proteolytic. In devising a simple
method for doing this, I remembered that one of the constant
products of pancreatic digestion is a substance termed tryptophane,
which gives a pink or violet colour on the addition of chlorine-
water. As the presence of tryptophane is accepted as evidence
of proteolysis effected by trypsin, it would also be evidence of
proteolysis by vegetable proteases. I accordingly tested the
liquids resulting from fibrin-digestions with the various plant-
materials just mentioned, and in every case there was unmistak-
able evidence of the presence of tryptophane. The conclusion is
therefore inevitable, that in all these cases the enzyme is, like
trypsin, capable not only of peptonisation but also of proteolysis.

22 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

I now returned to the consideration of the cases in which I had
failed to observe the digestion of fibrin ; and on applying to tliem
the tryptophane-test, 1 was somewhat surprised to find that it
frequently gave a distinct and even strong reaction, especially
when the material used consisted of pieces of the root, leaf, bulb,
etc. under examination. It was clear that a protease was present
which, though it did not act upou fibrin, digested the proteids
contained in the juice or tissue of the plant itself. Seeing that
these proteases, though possessing but slight peptonising power,
were strongly proteolytic, 1 varied the mode of experiment by
submitting to their action such simple proteids as albumoses and
peptones, with most satisfactory results.

I thus reached the further conclusion that whilst in certain
plants (e. g. Pineapple, Papaw, Nepenthes, Teast, etc.) there are
proteases which closely resemble trypsin in their mode of action,
in the majority of cases there are proteases which differ from
trypsin in that they cannot peptonise fibrin though they resemble
trypsin in proteolysing albumoses and peptones. These pro-
teases seemed to belong to an altogether new type of enzyme ;
a consideration that led me to feel some misgiving as to my
observations. Fortunately I happened, at this junctui'e, to hear of
Cohnheim's recent discovery in the intestine of animals, of an
enzyme possessing somewhat similar properties. This enzyme, to
which he has given the name Erepsin, proteolyses albumoses and
peptones, but cannot peptonise a more complex proteid than
casein. I thus obtained confirmation of the surmise that the
proteases which I had discovered were not tryptic, although they
were proteolytic.

I must not overburden with detail this slight sketch of the
growth of knowledge with regard to the distribution and nature
of proteases in both plants and animals. I will, however, venture
upon a few remarks of a general nature. With regard to the
distribution of the proteases in the body, they have been found,
as I have said, in all parts of the plant — leaves, stems, roots, bulbs,
tubers, fruits, seeds ; and the inference might be drawn that
herein the plant differs from the animal organism, in which these
enzymes are confined to the digestive tract. But this inference
would be only partially true even of the higher animals. No
doubt the enzymes are especially secreted by the digestive organs ;
but recent researches, more especially those of Hedin, have shown
that they are widely distributed throughout the tissues of the
animal body.

Then as to the I'elation to each other of the three known types
of proteases — the peptic, the tryptic, the ereptic. The relation
between trypsni and erepsin has already been sufficiently indicated.
"With regard to pepsi«, it has long been generally held, though
with some dissentients, that pepsin is an enzyme which can only
peptonise but cannot further decompose proteids. But of late
years there has been an accumulation of evidence tending to
show that this view is too arbitrary : to show that pepsin can, as a

LIXNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 23

matter of fact, effect proteolysis, though much less active)}' thau
trypsin. If this be established, the result will be that all these
proteases will have been found to differ not in kind, but only in
degree. They \^-ill form a series in which trypsin, acti^^e alike in
peptonisation and in proteolysis, will occupy a central position:
on the one hand will be pepsin, with its active peptonisation and
slight proteolysis ; and on the other will be erepsin, with its
active proteolysis and slight peptonisation.

It may well be asked, what is the use to plants of the proteases
distributed in their tissues ? The importance of these substances
to insectivorous plants is sufficiently obvious ; and it is easy to
imagine how they may be of service to plants like the Fungi
which are parasitic or saprophytic in habit. In both these cases,
so far as is known, they serve to supply the plant with organic
nitrogenous food from without. But what is the physiological
signiticance of these substances in the case of an ordinary plant
which does not require to be supplied with organic nitrogen ?
The reply to this question is briefly as follows. Normal green
plants in their nutritive processes build up, from the simple
materials of their food, organic nitrogenous substance which is
stored in their tissues in the form of proteid matter that is often
insoluble, and in any case is not readily diffusible. Consequently,
when these stores of proteid are to be drawn upon for the purpose
of growth, it is necessary that there should be some means by
which they can be converted into substances which are both
soluble and diffusible. This conversion is effected by the proteo-
lytic enzymes. Their importance is strikinglj^ illustrated in a
germinating seed, where the reserve materials, whether deposited
in the cotyledons or in the endosperm, have to be made available
for the nutrition of the growing embrj'^o. It is also clear in a
germinating bulb or tuber, where the growth of the new shoots is
dependent upon the reserves which these organs contain. But it
is not limited to such cases as these. It is quite as great under the
ordinary circnmstauces of the plant : for it is at all times necessary
that the elaborated organic nitrogenous substance should be
readily distributed throughout the body. Just as diastase, first
discovered in seeds, has been found to occur in all parts of the
plant-body where starch has to be converted into sugar, so
the proteases are to be found wherever insoluble or indiffusible
proteid has to be converted into the soluble and diffusible amidic
acids, such as leucin, tyrosin, and asparagin.

When the digestive activity of certain of the insectivorous
plants, such as Xepenthes and Drosera, was first discovered, it was
difficult to imagine how these plants should have developed the
peculiar faculty of secreting proteases. But in the light of
the subsequent discoveries of which I have endeavoui'ed to give
you some account, the explanation is simple. If leaves generally,
or at any rate commonly produce a protease, it ceases to be
remarkable that this should take place in the leaves of insecti-
vorous plants. The peculiarity of these plants is now limited to

2 4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

this — that theii' protease should be poiu'ed out at the surface
so as to digest proteids supplied from without by the captured
insects : Avhereas in ordiuary plants the protease is retained
within the tissues to digest, and so to render mobile, the proteids
that are formed and stored there.

Another consideration of general interest is the relation
between the proteases of plants and the digestive processes of the
animals that consume the plants. In our own case, the matter
may not be of much importance, since most of our vegetable food .
has been cooked before we eat it, and consequently the proteases
have been destroyed. But in the herbivorous animals, more
particularly the Ruminants, the case is altogether different. Here
the vegetable food that has been eaten is placed under conditions
that are altogether favorable to the action of the proteases which
it contains, so that there is reason to believe that digestion in
these animals is, in no small degree, a process of autolysis, the
food providing at once the nutriment and the means of
digesting it.

To pass now to another part of the subject. Quite recently a
very remarkable discovery has been made by Pawlow concerning
the origin of one of the animal proteases, namely trypsin. It "s^as
known that perfectly fresh and pure pancreatic juice had little or
no digestive power, but the cause of this had not been traced.
Pawlou 's experiments brought to light the fact that the addition
of a small quantity of the intestinal secretion (snccus tntericus)
to inert pancreatic juice immediately renders it active. The
explanation of these facts is that in the pure pancreatic secretion,
free trypsin is not present, but its mother-substance, trypsinogen,
from which it has to be liberated. On the addition of intestinal
juice, this liberation is effected by means of a substance which it
contains, which Pawlow has termed Kinase^ and has aptly de-
scribed it as a " ferment of ferments.''

Curiously enough, my thoughts had been turned in the same
direction in the course of ray work on the proteases of plants.
It had been known since the time of Schtinbein that the juices and
tissues of various plants possess the property of causing tincture
of guaiacum to turn blite either with or without the addition of
peroxide of hydrogen. The reaction is one of oxidation ; and
it has been ascertained of late years by Bertrand and others,
that it is effected by certain definite substances termed oxidases
and peroxidases. Various opinions have been hazarded as to
the probable significance of these substances in the economy
of the plant, but no coherent theory on the subject has yet been
established. Incidentally I observed that whenever a juice or
a tissue gave a good guaiacura-reaction, it also proved itself to
be proteolytic. This observation was not altogether new : indeed
at one time it had been thought that all enzymes reacted with
gxiaiacum, whicli is not the case. But it led me to inquire into
the meaning of this association of oxidase and enzyme in the
plant. Is it a coincidence or a correlation ? — this is the problem

LTNNEAN SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. 2$

thai I am now eudeavouriug to solve. I cannot yet say that
I have succeeded, but I will so far take you into uiy confidence as
to tell you what is my working hypothesis, I assume that we
have here to do with a real correlatiou, and of this kind, that the
substance giving the guaiaeum-i'eaction is of the nature of a
' Kinase ' ; that it is closely associated witli the pi'oteases because
it liberates them from their zymogens ; and that it effects this
liberation by a process that is essentially one of oxidation. It
may not appear a difficult matter to put this hypothesis to the
proof; but it is not quite so easy as it appears, for the reason
that in the plant-body, where the physiological division of labour
is far from complete, enzymes and oxidases are secreted by the
same tissues and even by the same cells. Should I have the
privilege of again addressing you a year hence, I may perhaps be
able to tell you what the verdict of experiment has been, and J
hope that it may have been recorded in my favour. But
whether that be so or not, I may at least expect to be able to
report that substantial progress has been made in the investigation
of these substances which play so important a part in the meta-
bolism of both plants and animals.

Dr. 31. T. Masters then moAcd : — " That the President be
thanked for his excellent Address, and that he be requested to
allow it to be printed and circulated amongst the Fellows,'"' which
was seconded by Mr. F. X. Williams, and carried.

The President then addressed Dr. M. C. Cooke, and in pre-
senting the Linnean Medal to him, specified the services which
had moved the Council to make this award.

The Presiden't said : —

"Dr. Cooke, — The encouragement of the study of Systematic
Botany has always been one of the chief objects of this Society ;
and the list of the recipients of the Linnean Medal affords sufficient
proof that eminence iu this department of botanical research meets
with the highest recognition that it is in our power to accord.
But whilst I find there many distinguished Phanerogamists,—
Hooker, DeCandolle. Oliver, Baker, and King, and two Aloologists,
Bornet and Agardh — there is but one, Ferdinand Juhus Cohn,
who has any special claim to the title of Mycologist. It is a
]nost fortunate circumstance that an opportunity should have
occurred to add to it a second Mycologist, seeing that the domain
of Mycology is more extensive than that of any other of the
provinces of the Vegetable Kingdom, or indeed than that of all of
them taken together, and in view of the increasing scientific
interest and economic importance of that branch of Botany.

" Had the institution of the Linnean Medal taken place a few
years earlier, no doubt one of the first awards would have fallen
to Mycology in the person of Berkeley. But since his name does

26 PROCEEDIXGS OF THE

not adorn our list, nothing can be more appropriate than that it
should include that of one who was his collaborator and has proved
himself to be his legitimate successor. To saj- this is to gi\Q high
praise indeed : but it is justly merited. For more than forty
years you have been unceasingly engaged in describing, depicting,
naming, and classifying the enormous mass of material that has
been submitted to you from all parts of the world ; and it is not
too much to say, that few have contributed so materially as your-
self to the reduction of the mycological chaos. You have enriched
the literature of the science with many important works, among
which the ' Mycographia ' and the ' Illustrations of the British
Fungi' desei've special mention. But your crowning achievement
is, I take it, the formation of your great mycological herbarium,
copiously illustrated with drawings and notes, which is now, I am
glad to say, a national possession safely deposited at Kew.

"It is on these grounds that I have ventured to speak of you
as Berkeley's legitimate successor ; and they also fully justify the
■action of the Council in awarding to you the Linnean Medal, which
I now have the honour to present, with sincere congratulations
and every good wish."

Dr. Cooke made a suitable reply in acknowledgment, stating
that his election as an Associate of the Society in 1877 was a
^reat encouragement to him in his scientific career, and this award
was deeply gratifying to him.

The General Secretary then laid the Obituary Notices of the
past year before the Meeting, as follows, and the proceedings
terminated.

.JoHi!f Bain, an Associate since 2nd April, 1863, was born in
Ireland on 9th May, 1815, of Scotch parents, his father, a gardener
and land-steward, having settled there some time before. He
followed his fathers calling, and served under William Anderson,
in the old Physick Garden at Chelsea, which place he left to work
at Trinity College Botanical Gardens, James Townsend Mackay
being at that time curator, Mackay, author of ' Flora Hibeniica '
{Dublin, 1836), had laid out these gardens in 1806 for the Dublin
IJniversity, and he attracted many of the best men of the day to
serve under him. David Moore, afterwards of Glasnevin, and his
younger brother Charles, afterwards at Sydney, were pupils of
Mackay. Bain became foreman, and afterwards assistant-curator
to Mackay, acting as amanuensis for the ' Flora Hibernica.' On
the death of Mackay in 1862, Bain succeeded him, and under his
energetic sway the gardens " took on a second lease of usefulness
and popularity." Amongst those who bore testimonv to bis skill
were Dr. G. J. Allmau, Prof. W. H. Harvey, Sir W". J. Hooker,
and Dr. G. Gardner, the latter sending him original plants of

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 27

Cattlei/a lahiata and Zijgopetalum Maclcayl with other orchids
found by him in Brazil.

Besides his garden duties, Bain kept up his love for native
plants, and even late in life he would walk many miles to point
the station of a rare plant, such as Gentiana Pneumonanthe^ Listera
coi'data, MaJaxis paludosa, and TricJiomanes radicans. He was
the first to find Malva rotundifolia and Bordeum sylvaticum in
the neighbourhood of Dublin.

After more than fifty years' connection with tlie gardens of
Trinity College, Dublin, he retired in 1878 or 1879 ; he never
married, but in his retirement lived with a niece at Holyhead,
where he died on Tuesday, 28th April, in the early afternoon, and
was buried at Mount Jerome Cemetery, Dublin, on 1st May, 1903,
beside his brothers Eobert and William, Dr. Mackay, and other
friends.

A portrait w^as published in Vol. 35 of ' The Garden,' in July
1889, the volume being dedicated to him.

William Bull, the well-known nurseryman. King's Eoad, Chelsea,
died on 1st June, 1902, after an illness of three days. He was
born in 1828, and in his early life he was a traveller for the then
famous firm of liollison, at Tooting, and in that capacity became
known as an exceptionally able man. In 1861 he took over the
premises and nursery stock of Weeks & Co. ; this was the be-
ginning of his enterprising career. Ornamental plants, tender
flowering plants, and orchids were his favourites ; but he also
zealously took up any group of plants which attracted the attention
of his customers. Thus, Aucuha japonica was exhibited by him in
our rooms, in fruit, with the male and hermaphrodite flowers, on
20th February, 1868, and at the same time he pointed out the
length of time during which the pollen retains its fertilizing-
power. In June 1876 he also exhibited living plants of Liberian
coffee, Coffea liberica, Hierii, which he introduced, and has since
been widely brought into cultivation for estates on which 0. arabica
is subject to disease. In 1880 he despatched Messrs. Shuttle-
worth and Corder to Colombia for Orchids ; later he turned his
attention to orchid hybridizing, and his annual orchid exhibitions
were excellently managed.

In the ' Gardeners' Chronicle' for 7th June, 1902, which has an
excellent portrait with an obituary, it is related that, wishing to
show a special Aroid, he brought it with him in his brougham,
till its horrible steuch drove him to take a place on the box-seat
by his coachman, and in this state the Aroid arrived at the editor's
office.

He was elected Pellow of this Society 15lh February, 1866, and
in former years was a frequent attendant at our meetings ; he also
belonged to the Royal Geographical and Zoological Societies. The
distinction he prized most was that of a Victoria Medal of Honour,
from the Royal Horticultural Society in 1897.

As a man of business he was energetic and hard-working, a

28 PROCEEDIN^GS OF THE

good employer, and eager in procuring new plants for cultivation :
altogether a remarkable man, whose death has caused regret among
a large circle of correspondents.

Julius Victor Carus, Foreign Member since 7th May, 1885.
has recently passed away, in bis eightieth year, for nearly a third
of which period he was editor of the ' Zoologiscber Anzeiger.*
He was born at Leipzig on 25tli August, 1823, and from 18-11
onwards pursued his medical and other studies at that University.
Thence he went to study comparative anatomy at Freiburg in Baden,
and in 1849 be was at Oxford, were he acted as conservator of the
Museum of Comparative Anatomy, and thus acquired a command
of our language. He returned to Leipzig in 1851 as Docent, and
there he remained practically during the remainder of his life,
making a break in 1873-74 while acting as locum tenens in Edin-
burgh for Prof. Wyville Thomson, then Avith the ' Challenger."

He was a man of great industry, but devoted his energies to the
history of his science, translations, bibliographies, and the like,
rather than to original research. He \\as a tool-maker, rather
than a tool-user, a type of worker apt to be ignored, though made
use of by others, whose gratitude, if existent, is apt to be evanescent.
He translated many of Darwin's works into German, from 1866
onward, and communicated oversights in the original to the author,
thus securing for the German versions a greater accuracy than in
the original issue.

8ome of his more noteworthy productions may be mentioned,
as his ' Zur nahern Kenntniss des Generationswechsels,' 1849 ;
' System der thierischen Morphologie,' 1853 ; ' Wertbestimmung
der zoologischen Merkmale,' 1854 ; ' Prodromus Faunae Medi-
terraneae,' 1884-1893, and ' Geschichte der Zoologie,' 1872 : with
Gerstaecker, ' Handbuch der Zoologie,' 1875, and with Engelmann,
his ' Bibliotheea Zoologica,' 1862.

Britain was not unmindful of his merit : he was D.C.L. of
Oxford, and M.D. of Edinburgh University ; his election as one
of our Foreign Members took place eighteen years ago, and of
the Zoological Society of London in 1897. He died on the 20th
March, 1903, leaving a widow, a son and three daughters.

Francois Crepin. — By the death, at Brussels, on the 20th of
April, 1903, of Francois Crepin, Belgium has lost her doyen
botanist. He was born at Eochefort, in the province of Namur,
on Oct. 30th, 1830. Eochefort is a small country-town near the
southern boundary of Belgium, situated in the valley of the Lesse,
a tributary of the Mouse, surrounded by limestone hills. Here
Crepin devoted himself at an early age to the study of botany and
laid the foundation of his large collection of Eoses. His first
publication, which appeared in 1859 in the Memoirs of the Eoyal
Academy of Belgium, was entitled " Notes sur quelques plantes
rares ou critiques de Belgique." This was followed by four
others with the same title, extending down to 1865. In 1860

LIXXEAN SOCIETY OF LOXDOI^. 29

appeared the first edition of his ' Manuel de la Flore Belgique.'
This is a small octavo volume of 23G pages, and contains, over and
above descriptions of genera and species, directions for forming a
herbarium, a bibliography of Belgian botany, an account of the
geographical regions and their characteristic plants, a discussion
on the nature of species, and a glossary of terms. It is an
eminently useful and practical book, and did much to revive a love
for botany in Belgium, which for many years had been almost
entirely neglected. The ' Manuel' passed through several editions
(the 5t!i in 1884), and the flora of Belgium being similar to that of
England, has been found very useful in this countrx'. In the
second edition the descriptive part is considerably enlarged, and
a good deal of the subsidiary matter omitted. The number of indi-
genous Belgian flowering plants and A'ascular cryptogams is, in this
second edition, estimated at 1240. Cropin aluays took a moderate
view of species, neither uniting nor dividing excessively. In 1861
he was appointed a professor at the State School of Horticulture
at Ghent, a position which he held up to 1870. In 1862 the
reviving love for botany led to the formation of the ' Socit'te
I'oyale botanique de Belgique,' under the presidency of the veteran
Dumortier. Crepin was at the beginning a member of the council,
and after his removal to Brussels filled for nearly thirty years the
office of secretary. The publications of this society now amount
to forty volumes ; to these Crepin was one of the most prolific
contributors, his papers ranging over a wide field, including, in
addition to original papers, which very often deal with Roses, reviews
and reports of excui'sions. The more important of his papers
on Hoses were reprinted in a separate form under the title of
'Primitiae Monographise Eosarum.' Of these the second part,
which contains careful original descriptions of the Asiatic E-oses,
is the most valuable.

In 1871 Crepin was appointed Curator of the Herbarium of
the Botanic Garden at Brussels, and from that date to his death
he lived in the metropolis. During his summer holidays he
usually visited Switzerland, devoting his attention principally to
the rich Kose-flora of the lower part of the Rhone vallej^ He
was elected a Correspondent of the Brussels Academy in 1872, a
Member in 1878, and a director of the scientific division in 1888.
About 1873-75 he paid much attention to palaeontology, and
contributed several papers on the subject to the Memoirs of the
Academy. Many of the fossil plants in the Brussels Museum
bear labels in his neat legible handwriting. In 187G he became
Director of the Brussels Garden, and under his management both
the living and dried collections were greatly increased. He paid
two visits to England during his term of office, and annotated
copiously the Roses at Kew and the British Museum. In 1879
Dumortier died, and Crepin wrote his elnge for the Memoirs of
the Academy, as he did afterwards that of Decaisne in 1881, and
Edouard Morren in 1887. He set his heart upon publishing a
general monograph of Roses, and for this he accumulated a very

30 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

large collection and made careful studies in all directions. But
although the book was advertised, failing health prevented him
from publishing it, and compelled him, a short time before his
death, to give up the directorship of the Botanic Grardens and the
secretaryship of the Botanical Society. The best sketch of his
general ideas on the classification of Eoses will be found in a
paper which lie contributed to the London Eose Conference of
1889, which is printed in the eleventh volume of the new series of
the ' Journal of the Eoyal Horticultural Society ' (page 217). His
final views on the delimitation and definition of the innumerable
European species — which should rank as species, which as mere
varieties, and which as hybrids — are now, we fear, irretrievably
lost. [J. Gr. Baker,]

Charles Cobringtois" Prissick Hobkirk, a prominent Yorkshire
naturalist, was born on 13th January, 1837, at Huddersfield, the
only son of his father, David T. Hobkirk, who was engaged in the
woollen trade. He entered the West Riding Union Bank in 1852,
when 15 years of age, and rose to the position of Manager of the
Dewsbury Branch of that bank in January 1884 ; in 1892 he
quitted this position, but two years later he came back to Dews-
bury as manager for the Dewsbury branch of the Huddersfield
Banking Company ; in 1897 he retired from business-life, and
lived at first at Horsforth and finally at Ilkley, where he died on
29th July, 1902, after a long and painful illness.

It was in his own time, in the intervals of business, that he
acquired his extensive knowledge of the natural history of his
native county. In 1859 he brought out a volume, ' Huddersfield :
its History and Natural History,' embodyitig in it a wealth of
information on the fauna and flora of the district ; it reached a
second and amplified edition in 1868. Erom 1864 to 1867 a series
of ' The Naturalist ' came out at Huddersfield, having papers on
British mosses from his pen ; in it he also described the forms of
Crataegus oxyacantlia, and translated a paper by Deseglise on the
Tomentosce section of Hosa. This venture ceased in the year last
mentioned, but was revived in 1875, Hobkirk being one of the
editors till 1884, when the Yorkshire Naturahsts' Union took over
the magazine. During part of this period he was President of the
Huddersfield Naturalists' Society, and actively pushed the interest
of more than one other local association. In the Yorkshire
Naturalists' Union Mr. Hobkirk was especially active and untiring
in the cause he had at heart, and he was its President in 1892.

Although he thus showed his catholicity of taste, he was essen-
tially a bryologist. The volume by which he is best known, is his
book ' Synopsis of British Mosses,' which came out in 1873,
reaching a second edition in 1884 ; this was a most useful book to
the British student, for whom Wilson's ' Bryologia ' was unobtain-
able, and Dr. Braithwaite's 'Moss Flora' was not even begun.
He was responsible, with Henry Boswell, for the ' London Catalogue
of British Mosses,' published for the then active Botanical Locality
Eecord Club ; the second issue of this came out in 1881.

LINNEAK SOCIETY OF LOXDON. 3 I

His wife and bis youngest son predeceased him, the latter a
few weeks before his own death. His election into our Society
took place on 7tb March, 1678. A portrait of biui is given in
the April number of ' The 3«aturalist,' with au appreciative memoir
supplying many additional touches, from the pen of an old friend,
whose itlentity is scarcely concealed by the use of the simple
initial, E.

Alfred Vaughax Jexnixgs was born at Hampstead, educated at
St. Paul's School, and what is now known as the Royal College of
Science, South Kensington, studying under Prof. Huxley, and was
proxime accessit for the Porbes Medal. Next he obtained an appoint-
ment in the Geological Department of his College, and also as
teacher of Biology to the evening classes at the Birkbeck Institution,
which owed much to his enthusiastic labours. His health breaking
down, he took a voyage to New Zealand, and, on his return, he was-
attached for a brief period to the Eoyal College of Science, Dublin,,
as Demonstrator of Botany and Geology. Four papers by him
appear in our Journal, as noted below. His bodily heakh continued
to fail, and at last the end came at Christiania, on 11th January,
1902. He was elected Pellow of this Society, 3rd May, 1888.

An intimate friend writes that he " was an untiring collector
in Zoology, Botany, and Geology, and the author of several
original papers in each of these three branches of Natural Science.
The illusti-atious to his papers, and his drawings in the Whitechapel
Museum show considerable artistic ability. In disposition he was-
modest and retiring, and very kindly and generous ; no student
ever came to him for help and was refused. Had his brilliant
brain been supported by proportionate bodily health, he would have
achieved much, possibly as nuich as he was always hoping to be
able to accomplish. For the last ten years his existence had been
but a light for life, and his best friends can only be thankful that
the fight is now ended."

Most of the preceding information has been obtained from a
sympathetic notice in the ' New Phytologist ' for January last.

Mr. Grenville A. J. Cole has been kind enough to transmit a
list of our deceased Fellow's papers : —

1. The Orbitoidal Limestone in North Borneo. Geol. Mag.,
Dec. 1888.

2. On a Variety of Alectona Millari (Carter). Journ. Linn.
Soc, Zool. xxiii. (1891), pp. 531-539, pi. 13.

3. Cave-men of Meutone. Natural Science, June 1892.

•I. On the true nature of " Jlobinsponr/ia 2^'i-)'((sitica," Duncan.
Journ. Linn. Soc, Zool. xxv. (189G) pp. 317-319.

5. On a new genus of Foraminifera of the Family Astrorhizida\
Ih. pp. 320-321, pi. 10.

6. On the Structure of the Isopod genus Ourozeuldes, Milne-
Edwards. Ih. pp. 329-338, pis. 13, U.

7. On the Structure of the Davos Valley. Quart. Journ. Geol.
Soc, Aug. 1898.

32 PIlOCEEDI2^GS OF THE

8. The Geologv of the Davos District. Quart. Journ. Gaol.
See, Aug. 1S99. ■

9. The Geology of Bad Nauheim and its Thermal Salt-springs.
Geol. Mag., Aug. 1900.

In conjunction with Mr. Grenville A. J. Cole : —

10. The Northern Slopes of Cader Idris. Quart. Journ. Geol.
Soc, April 1889.

With Miss K.M. Hall: —

11. Notes on the structure of TmesiiAerls. Proc. Eoyal Irish
Academy, 27 April, 1891.

With "Mr. Griffith J. Williams :—

12. On the Geology of Manod and the Moelwyns, North Wales.
Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, Aug. 1891.

Alexander Kowaletskt, the eminent Russian biologist, ^^■as born
in 1840. He belonged to a family of which two other members
attained scientific distinction : his brother Vladimir as a palaeont-
ologist, and his cousin Sophie as a mathematician.

In his seventeenth year, after a brief period of study in the
St. Petersburg University, Alexander Kowalevsky went abroad,
first working at chemistiy in Bunsen's laboratory in Heidelberg,
and then studying zoology under Leydig at Tiibingen. In 1864 he
went to Naples, where he worked Avith such ardour and success
that, at the eai'ly age of twenty-six, his name became well-known
.among biologists.

Russian biologists were among the first to recognize the great
significance of the Evolution theory in the domain of Embryology,
and the chief advance made in this science during the sixties was
due to Kowalevsky and MetschnikofF.

In 1866, Kowalevsky pubhshed two closely allied series of
researches on the development of Amphioxus and on that of the
Ascidians, works which are remarkable not only for the novelty of
the results obtained but for great clearness and accuracy. Kowa-
levsky demonstrated the presence of the notochord in Aseidian
embryos and caused quite a sensation by showing that these animals,
until then supposed to be invertebrates, belong to the vertebrate
phylum.

In 1868, Kowalevsky was appointed professor at the Kazan
Ujiiversity ; he remained there only one -year, during which he
published his " Embryological Studies on the Worms and the
Arthropoda," a work which testifies to marvellous energy and
resolute conquest of difficulties, at a time when microtomes were
hardly known and when carmine was the only stain. These
embryological stvidies were epoch-making ; they established the
uniformity of the first processes of development in all multilaminar
animals and overthrew many views then prevalent. In Worms
and Ai'thropods, as in Vertebrates, Kowalevsky demonstrated the
laying down of the organs in the form of germinal layers, these
latter containing the rudiments of the whole complex of organs.

It was Kowalevsky wdio discovered in Phoronis, the Ctenophora,
Sagitia, Lumbricus, and the Brachiopoda the embr3^onic stage since

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDOX. ^;^

•well known as the Gastnda stage. Haeckel utilized his observations
wlien he propounded his Gastro; theory. Kowalevsky himself,
who only drew conclusions from strictly verified fact.s, refrained, as
ii rule, from theorizing. Another well-known theory, the ccelomic
theory, was founded on Kowalevsky'.s discovery that, in Ampliioxus,
Surjkta, and the Bracliiopoda, the mesoderm develops in the form
of protruding sacs from the ectoderm. He himself recognized the
.significance of this discovery, but considered the establishment of
a hypothesis premature.

In 1S69, KovvaleAsky accepted a professorship at Kieff, where
he was an active member of a new Society of Naturalists, to which
he contributed many of his discoveries, among others that of the
connection which exists betw een the alimentary and the spinal
canals in the embryos of Sharks. This observation led to the
revelation of a similar connection in all Vertebrate embryos.
To this Society also, Kowalevsky communicated his discovery of
the planaria-like female of Bonellia, vvhicli differs so greatly
from the male form ; also the observations on the budding of
Perophora, which have formed the basis of all more recent investi-
gations into the budding of the Ascidiaus. Other papers threw
important light upon the connection between the asexual processes
of multiplication and the metagenesis of the Salpidae.

It was during Jvowalevsky's sojourn at Kieff that the Brachio-
poda, which were then classed as Molluscs, were carefully in-
A'estigated by him. With this object, he visited the Eed Sea and
Algiers, ardently pursuing his researches under great difhculties,
spending days and nights in the boats of coral-fishers, sharing
their poor fare and exposing himself to the burning sun and other
discomforts. The brilliant results he obtained still place him in
the first rank among investigators of this group of animals, which
were considered by him to be closely related to the worms.

In 1873 Kowalevsky accepted a chair in the Odessa University,
and while there studied many marine forms, investigating the
ontogeny of the Hydroids, the Acephala and the Actinia, the
Alcyonaria and the Lucernaria, and many Molluscs.

From 188-1 and onward, Kowalevsky worked on a somewhat
difterent plan. Without renouncing morphological work, for he
produced after this date excellent monographs on the metamor-
phoses of the Diptera and the development of the Scorpions and
the Solpugidse, he took up questions bordering on physiology and
anatomy. He published many treatises elucidating obscure organs
in various Invertebrates, using the method of injecting colouring-
matter into the living organism, and thus revealing whole series of
organs until then unknown, but of great significance for the life
of the animals in their conflict with micro-organisms. These
he called the blood-cleansing organs.

In 1890 Kowalevsky settled in St, Petersburg at the Academy
of Sciences, and while there laboured indefatigably in collecting
funds for and oi'ganiziug the Marine Biological Station at
Sebastopol, which he believed woidd be of great value as a centre

LEfX. SOC. PROCEEDINGS. —SESSION 1902-1903. d

34 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

for the inA"estigation of thefauua of the Black Sea and of the Sea
of Marmora. lu 1S93 he gave up lecturing and devoted himself
entirely to research, spending nearly all his time in his laboratory
and continually adding to his interesting discoveries. Some of the
last months of his life Avere spent on Prince's Island in the Sea of
Marmora, investigating the development of such forms as Hedyle,
Chcetoderma and Psendovermes, his observations on which were
published only after his unexpected death in November ] 901.

Absolute devotion to Science and untiring energy in her service
were the chief characteristics of Alexander Kowalevsky. He was
an ardent evolutionist, and devoted himself to following out by the
aid of the Evolution theory the many and complex problems of
animal life. He modestly disclaimed praise for the enormous
amount of work he accomplished, saying that he no more deserved
praise than a sportsman, since science afforded him the same
pleasure as sport affords the sportsman. All who knew him
personally were impressed with his simplicity and modesty ; he
was conciliatory and polite to all, except perhaps some few whom
he regarded as the opponents of Science, and seemed to ignore the
fact that he was himself a great scientific authority.

The original character and great value of his work made his
name celebrated in all countries of Europe, the scientific societies
of which vied with one another in conferring honours upon him.
He was elected Foreign Member of the Linnean Society, 1st May,
1884, and died at Odessa on 22nd November, 1901.

[M. Beenaed.]

Chables Maries was born at Stratford-on-Avou, and went to
school at Hampton Lucy from 1861 to 1865, at the grammar-
school under Prof. George HensloA\', after which he went to be with
his brother at Lytham, remaining seven years in those nurseries.
Mr. Maries spent some time in Messrs. Veitch's establishment at
Chelsea, where his employer, Mr. H. J. Veitch, selected him to
explore certain parts of China and Japan, known to be rich in
flowering shrubs and trees, many not yet introduced into cultiva-
tion in Europe. Besides these, he sent home herbaceous plants
and conifers ; the latter were desci'ibed by Dr. Masters in our
Journal (Botany, xviii. 1880, pp. 473-524).

In this journey, leaving England in February 1877, he reached
Shanghai, and went on to Japan, where he inspected the nurseries
at Yokohama and Tedo, and began conifer-hunting at Nikko,
rediscovering Abies Veitchi ; he lost over 20,000 specimens by
wreck, ultimately reaching Yokohama, and sailing for Hong Kong
on Christmas-day. He attempted to collect in Formosa, but was
not successful. The following summer found him at Chin Kiang
and Kiu Kiang ; at the latter place he was incapacitated by sun-
stroke for two mouths ; he again visited Japan, and reached
Hankow in December. He spent the next season on the Yantgze,
and in the Ichang gorges ; amongst the 500 living plants sent
home, was that curiosity the square bamboo, besides a large
quantity of seeds of Conifers, Maples, Oaks, and other trees.

LI>N£AN SOCIETY OF J.ONDO>'. 35

At the time of his death he was Superintendent of the gardens
of the Maharajah of Grwalior, having previously been in charge of
those at Durbhungah, India; passing away on 11th October, 1902,
and leaving a widow and two children.

He was elected Fellow on 3rd March, 1877. He also received
the distinguished award of a Victoria Medal of Honour from the
Eoyal Horticultural Society. His published papers were confined
to gardening papers and the Journal of the Royal Horticultural
Society ; but his title to lasting remembrance lies in his success as
a plant- collector.

The death of Dr. Eichaed Chandler Alexander Prior, who
died at his residence, Eegent's Park, on 5th December, 1902,
removes one of the most constant attendants at our meetings until
increasing weakness confined him to his house and room.

The following account is based upon memoranda drawn up in
1S99, when ninety years of age, by the subject of this notice. He
\^ as born on 6th March, 1809, at Corsham in Wiltshire, his parents'
surname being Alexander ; his horoscope Avas drawn on the day
of his birth by Wm. Sainsbury, M.D., and carefully preserved.
When eight years old, he was sent to the Eev. J. T. Lawes's
school at Marlborough, and five years later to the Charterhouse,
when the Eev. J. Eussell, D.D., was headmaster. At the age of
17 he went up to.Wadham College, Oxford, Dr. Symons being then
subwarden, and took his degree in 1830.

The same year, having decided to study medicine, he came to
London, and began his studies at Mayo's Anatomy School, Great
AVindmill-street, and also attended Faraday's chemical lectures.
The next year, 1831, he entered St. George's Hospital, but his
health broke down ; he had typhus fever the first winter, and
continuing unwell, the following year went to Belgium for change
of air, and then proceeded to AVeimar, where he spent the summer.
The next medical season was spent at Berlin, and then, in 1833,
he resumed his studies at St. George's Hospital. At this time he
attended Dr. Eobert Dickson's lectures on botany, " to which I
have to trace the greatest happiness of my subsequent life " being
his own testimony. After one season at Edinbm'gh. Mr. Prior
took his M.B. degree at Oxford, and settled in practice at Bath
in 1836. But here, fate was against him : he was ill all the time
he was in residence there, fifteen months. '•' A most malignant
fever broke out in the street where I had hved, Edward Street,
shortly after I left, and attacked the inmates of nearly every house
on one side, many of whom died. It was then discovered
that the main sewer was choked up, the cause, no doubt, of my
constant indisposition while I hved there, and especially of the
sore throats to which I was subject." He removed to Chippenham,
became Fellow of the Eoyal College of Physicians in 1840, and in
the spring of 1841, when he gave up the practice of medicine, he
went to Gratz in Austria for three years. It was during his stay
here that he contributed two papers, describing his excursions into .

d2

^6 PROCEEDIIS'GS OF THE

Upper and Lower Styria, to the Botanical Society of Edinburgh,
accompanied by a parcel of the plants mentioned. These papers
were printed in the 'Annals and Magazine of Natural History,'
vols, xvii, & xviii, for 1846. In the course of his rambles, he
says : — " At an inn at the foot of the mountain [the Lantsch] the
people spoke a jargon that I had great difficulty in understanding,
and they had as much, I suppose, in comprehending me. The
innkeeper told me, begging my pardon, that I did not speak Grerman
very well, and should stay a month or two with him in the Breiteuau
to learn the language. I asked him if he did not think I had better
opportunities in Gratz. ' Oh no,' he said, ' they talk there according
to booiv — Nach der Schrift.' " On the same page is a description
of Vest, " the most untidy botanist ever known," and an account
which Dr. Maly gave of his herbarium.

The next year was devoted to botanising in Dalmatia, and its
southern vegetation. Passing through France, he paid a flying
visit to England in 1844, and in the autumn of the same year went
to Italy. He spent the winter in Naples and visited Sicily the fol-
lowing spring, collecting largely and getting personally acquainted
with Grussone and oth(;r botanists. He remarks that he was "very
much struck during his excursions in the south with the circum-
stance that neither in the Kingdom of Naples, nor in Sicily, is
there anything like the scattered hamlets and cottages that we find
everywhere in England and Grermany — a result of the comparative
insecurity of life and property, and a cause of the preference of
southern people for the pleasure of a town life. Hence the little
attention paid to natural history by them, both in ancient times
and modern."

In April 1846 he sailed for the Cape, and lived thirteen months
in Capetown ; in 1847 going to Georgetown and TJitenhage. He
was at the former place during the heavy rains of that spring, the
heaviest for 22 years, causing inundations : " after which I went
a journey over the Carroo in an ox-waggon, the effect of which I
felt for several years in the singular habit of connecting all noises
that I heard in my sleep with the cries of the wild animals of that
desert. This seems the more strange, as I am not conscious that
I ever dreamed of being aboard ship, although the circumstances
of a sea-voyage are more striking to a landsman than are those
attending a land-journey." He made large collections of plants,
and came home in 1848.

The love of travel prompted him the next year to sail in April
for the United States, where he botanised till November ; then
proceeded to Jamaica, and stayed till August. While in Jamaica
he resided at Moneague, in the mountains of St. Ann's, and
ascended the Blue Mountain Peak. He returned by way of New
"York and Canada in the autumn of 1850, and reached England in
November. He then took a house at Hammersmith, which
remained his home for eight years, though he made occasional
continental trips, visiting Germany, France, Denmark, Norway,
and Italy.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 37

" lu the spring of 1859 my maternal uncle died, leaving me his
landed property, requesting me to take his name, which 1 did, and
thenceforth subscribed myself ' Prior.' Since my return from
America iu 185U I have devoted myself more to literature than
botany, finding, like many others, that after a rambling life in
quest of plants it is very irksome to work them up in the cabinet."

In 1859 he published translations of ' Ancient Danish Ballads '
in three volumes, and in 18G3 his ' Popular Names of British
Plants,' ^^•hicll is now in its third edition. " Por forty years I have
spent the summer half of the year at Halse, near Bishops Lydeard,
seven miles west of Taunton, and the six winter months at York
Terrace, London, occupying myself with literary pursuits, while
the summer months were devoted to croquet " [he prided himself
on his lawn at Halse House] " and antiquarian researches. A
translation of ' Ancient Danish Ballads ' required a perusal of all
the ballad literature that I could obtain. A small work upon the
' Popular Names of British Plants ' afforded me much amusement
and no little labour in reading up old herbals. In these studies
forty years have sped away very rapidly, and I am now (in 1899)
ninety years of age, very feeble, but in the enjoyment of good
general health. I find that I have out-lived all but one of my
contemporaries [Nelson Goddard, Esq.], school-fellows, and college
friends.'' These are the closing words of his autobiographic sketch.
For some years past his increasing weakness had kept him away
from the Society, but until he was long past eighty he used to
attend the meetings regularly, and by virtue of his position as
senior member of the Club took the Chair at the meetings of the
Linnean Club iu the absence of the President. He was never
married, but greatly admired the other sex, and was fond of paying
them an old-world attention and deference, which recalled past
manners. More than once he served on the Council ; and it is to
him that the Society owes its optical lantern, a gift made in 1890
in acknowledgment of a long enjoyment of the Fellowship of the
Society, which dated from 6th May, 1851. An attack of influenza
was the actual cause of Dr. Priors death, which took place as
recorded in the first paragraph. By will he left a legacy of .£100
to this Society, and his herbarium to the Eoyal Botanic Gardens,
Kew. His estate passes to Sir Prior Goldney, Bart,

Botanically our late Fellow is commemorated in the genus
Prioria, dedicated to him by Grisebach (Flora British West Indies,
p. 215) on account of his support of West Indian botany. Prioria
copaifera was further investigated by Mr. Bentham, and figured in
our ' Transactions,' xxiii. (1861) pi. 40.

The Eev. Thomas Wiltshire, who died at his house, Granville
Park, Lewisham, 27th October, 1902, was born in London on
21st April, 182G, the son of Sampson Coysgarne AViltshire and
Sarah {nee Goodchild). His father was a man of business in the
City and a Freeman of the Clothworkers' Company, who possessed
much facility witii pencil and brush, an aptitude which reappeared

3° PEOCEEDINGS OF THE

in our late Fellow. His father died while the son was young, and
his mother married again. Mr. Wiltshire never went to school,
but was prepared by a tutor for the university. He entered King's
College in 1845, and obtained the mathematical prize in the following
year ; then going to Cambridge. He graduated in 1850 from Trinity
College, placed among the Senior Optimes in the Mathematical
Tripos ; and in June of the same year was ordained deacon
by Dr. Murray, Bishop of Eochester, and priest in December 1853
by Dr. Blomfield, Bishop of London, the vear of his proceeding
M.A.

He had married in 1850 ; and he threw himself into his parochial
duties, first as curate at Eiddings in Derbyshire, next at Bromptou,
and then at St. jS'icholas Olave, Bread- Street Hill, as Eector. When
the site of this Eectory was wanted for the District Eaii\\"ay in
1868, he removed to Lewisham, where he spent the rest of his life,
which remained connected with St. Clement's Eastcheap (Evening
Lectures) and St. Nicholas Cole Abbey (Curate).

The scientific side of Mr. Wiltshire's life may be stated as
beginning with his election into the Geological Society in 1856.
In 1869 he unsuccessfully stood as candidate for Professor of
Geology at King's College, London ; but in 1872 he became Lec-
turer in Geology there, Assistant Professor in 1881, and full
Professor of Geology and Mineralogy in 1890 : he became Eellow
of that College in 1889, and retired from his Chair in 1896. His
first pamphlet, ' The Eed Chalk of England,' appeared in 1859,
followed in 1862 by 'The Ancient Flint Lnplements of York-
shire ' : in 1869 he brought out his ' Chief Groups of the
Cephalopoda' and 'The Eed Chalk of Hunstanton.' From 1863
to 1901 he was Secretary to the Palaeontographical Society, and
held similar position in the Eay Society from 1872 to the day
of his death. He was active also in technical education, and was
a member of the Council of the City and Guilds of London
Institute, representing the Clothworkers' Company, of which he
had become Freeman and subsequently Master.

He was elected Fellow of our Society, 21st December, 1865 :
and was also Fellow of the Eoyal Microscopical (1857), the Eoyal
Astronomical (1860), the Eoyal Geographical (1866) ; a Life
Member of the Society of Arts (1888), and of the Geological
Society of France (1870). He was one of the founders of the
Geologists' Association, and President, 1859-60. The British
Association also claimed him as a member.

The " Wiltshire Collection " of fossils was presented by him in
1893 to the LTniversity of Cambridge, and placed in the Wood-
wardian Museum ; this collection consisted of many thousand
specimens, and was especially rich from the Lower Greensaud,
Gault, Upper Greensand, and Chalk. The " Wiltshire Collection ''
of minerals was presented in 1897, and is now in the Mineralogical
Museum, Free School Lane ; it numbers 2800 specimens. In
1899, following these gifts, he received the Degree of Sc.D. from
his old University. Finally may be mentioned, a gift was made to

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 39

the University to found a Prize for proficiency iu Geology and
Mineralogy, eligible to those who have passed Part 1. of the Natural
Science Tripos and not of more than ten Terms' standing.

On Christmas Eve, 1901, he fell when returning home, suffering
a compound fracture of the right thumb ; but the end was
approaching, though he died practically in harness to the last.
He preached on Sunday evening, 26th October, 1902, at St. Cle-
ments, and came home in apparent good health ; between one and
two in the morning he complained of severe pain in the chest, but
was relieved by some simple remedies, and he lay down to sleep
again, during which he quietly passed away, without again waking,
from angina pectoris.

The writer has to thank Mr. E. W. Wiltshire, son of our
deceased Fellow, for much of the foregoing information.

June 4th, 1903.
Mr. George Sharp Saunders in the Chair.

The Minutes of the Anniversary Meeting, 25th May, were read
and confirmed.

Messrs. Edward Alexander Newell Arber, George Wallace
Eustace, and Robert Alexander Robertson wei*e elected, and
Mr. Montague Frank Hopson was admitted a Fellow of the
Society.

The Chairman announced that the President had appointed the
following to be Vice-Presidents for the ensuing year : — Mr. Frank
Crisp, Mr. C. B. Clarke, Prof. .1. B. Farmer, and Mr. A. O.
AValker.

Dr. HocKEX, F.L.S., of Diinedin, New Zealand, reminded the
Societv that the next biennial meeting of the Australasian Asso-
ciation for the Advancement of Science will be held at Dunedin,
in January 1904 ; and that the Members would welcome any
Fellows of the Linnean Society who might be able to pay a visit
to New Zealand on that occasion ; every facility for travelling at
special rates to visit the celebrated scenery will be afforded by the
New Zealand Gov^ernment, and Dr. Hocken will be happy to give
detailed information to prospective visitors.

Mr. R. Morton Middleton, F.L.S., exhibited a holograph
letter from Linnaeus to Philip Miller, dated Upsala, 3 August,
1763, and read a translation of the same. A few remarks were
added by the General Secretary.

Mr. Y. N. Williams, F.L.S., showed a series of 100 drawings
of British CompositsD, 20 being Hieracia, drawn in pen-and-ink by
Mr. E. AV. Hunnybun, of Huntingdon, an accomplished artist and
British field-botanist.

40 PROCEEDINGS OE THE

Sir DiETKiCH Beaxdis, K.C.I.E., F.R.S., F.L.S., exhibited spe-
cimens of Gelsemium eler/ans which Mr. Smales, Deputy Conservator
of Forests, had sent him from Upper Burma. It is known there, as
well as in China, as a most deadly poison. Mr. Smales writes :
" Very deadly creeper ; decoction of roots kills instantly, leaves
also fatal." The alkaloid seems to be similar to strycliniue and
gelsemine, the product of species of Strxjclinos and of the North-
American shrub, Gelsemium semper vir ens, both of the Order
Loganiacese.

He also exhibited a most remarkable specimen received from
the Tharaundi Forests in Lower Burma : a hollow cylinder, about
12 inches high and just under 3 inches in diameter, of a soft but
tough white leathery substance, which had grown as the lining of
a Bamboo-joint. This was identified by Mr. G. Massee, F.L.S.,
from the presence of characteristic conidia on the inner surface of
the cylinder, with Polyporus anthehninticus, Berk., which forms
thick irregularly-shaped masses on old Bamboo culms near the
ground. An analogous case, to which Mr. Massee drew attention,
is that of the Pohjjiorus which grows on Samhucus nvjra, the
mycelium of which is often found in the white pith of the Elder,
sometimes entirely displacing the pith.

Colonel Geobge Colomb sent for exhibition a fragment of a
branch of a Thorn, which had been given to him by Mr. Thorns,
gardener in Hyde Park. This branch shows the mischief done to
thorns near London by larvae which had been identifi:ed as those
of the Wood Leopard Moth, Zeuzera yEsculi, Linn. The House-
Sparrow was stated to destroj^ numbers of the perfect insect on
their emergence. Further remarks were contributed by Dr. D.
Sharp, the Chairman, and Mr. E. M. Holmes.

The following papers Avere read : —

1. "The Anatomy and Development of Comt/s infelix, Embleton,
aHymenopterous Parasite of Lecanium hemisplicericum." By Alice
L. Embleton. (Communicated by Dr. D. Sharp, F.E.S., F'L.S.)

2. "Notes on the Transition of Opposite Leaves into the
Alternate Arrangement : a new Factor in Morphologic Obser-
vation." By Dr. Percy Groom, F.L.S. (See p. 48.)

June 18th, 1903.

Prof. Sydket H. Vixes, F.E.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting x^ere read and confirmed.

Messrs. Albert "William Bartlett, John Clayton, and David
Thomas were elected, and Messrs. E. A. Nexxell Arber and George
Wallace Eustace were admitted Fellows of the Society.

A volume of portraits of eminent men of science, compiled
by Dr. E. C. A. Prior, about 1854, was presented to the Society by

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 4 1

his executor, Sir Prior Goldnej, Bart,, and for this a special vote
of thanks was passed.

The Eev. T. E. E. Stebbing, F.E.S., F.L.S., on behalf of
Mrs. Sladen, presented a poi-trait in oils, kitcat size, by the late
H. T. Wells, E.A., of the late Mr. Walter Percy Sladen, who
from 1885 to 1895 was Zoological Secretary. The President, in
accepting the gift on behalf of the Society, submitted the following
Eesoiution, which was carried by acclamation : —

" That the portrait of the late Walter Percy Sladen, for ten
years Secretary of the Linnean Society, now offered on behalf
of Mrs. Sladen, be accepted, and that the grateful thanks of the
Society be conveyed to the Donor."

Ml'. C. H. Weight, A.L.S., exhibited seeds of a new species of
^sc7i7/nanthus, described in a paper subsequently read.

Mr. C. B. Clarke, P.E.S., P.L.S., showed specimens of a
variety of the Primrose, Primula vulgaris, Huds., with remarkably
small flowers, to which he proposed to give the varietal name
Chloe. (He subsequently considered that it was probably a hybrid
between the Primrose and the form of the Cowslip which is found
on the Hampshire downs.)

A photograph sent by Mr. J. Waby was shown, and an extract
from his letter I'eceived with it was read, stating that two speci-
mens of Qorypha data in the Georgetown Botanic Gardens, of
similar age and plantiug, were photographed : one had follou ed
the normal course, flowered, fruited and died ; the other, instead
of flowering, had developed a secondary crown of leaves.

Mr. Fredemce D. Ogilvie, of Harrogate, sent for exhibition
a water-colour drawing of the Cowthorpe Oak, taken in 1902,
thus bringing down the record one year later than the photographs
shown by Mr. J. Clayton, on 19th February last, at the General
Meeting held on that day.

The Eev. John Gebaed, S.J., F.L.S., showed a fresh specimen
of the proliferous form of Geum rivale, which he had received
from Stonyhurst, Lancashire, a few days before.

The following papers were read : —

1. "Descriptions of New Chinese Plants.'' By Stephen T.
Dunn, F.L.S. , with an introductory note by C. H.Wright, A.L.S.

2. " On the Germination of the Seeds of Davidia involucrata.''
By W. Botting Hemsley, F.E.S., F.L.S.

3. " On the Occurrence of Eudimentary Horns in the Horse."
By Dr. G. W. Eustace, F.L.S. (See p. 48.)

4. "On the Scottish Freshwater Plankton." Bv W. West,
F.L.S., and Prof. G. S. West, F.L.S.

5. " On the Anatomy of the Leaves of British Grasses." By
L. Lewton-Brain, F.L.S.

42 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE

ABSTEACTS.

jS'ovember 20th, 1902.

The President reminded the Society that exactly a year ago he
had the honour of giving an accomit of some observations upon
the action of the enzyme contained in the secretion of Xepenthes.
That enzyme, he then explained, not only possesses the property
of peptonising the higher proteids (e. g. fibrin), but is also pi'O-
teolytic, decomposing the proteid molecule into non-proteid nitro-
genous substances such as leucin and tryptophane. The proof of
this is afforded by the fact that liquids containing proteids that
have undergone digestion give the tryptophane-reaction ; that is,
a pink or A'iolet colour on the addition of chlorine-water.

Since that time many other plants have been investigated with
the object of ascertaining (1) whether or not a digestive enzyme
were present, and (2) of determining the nature of its action.
In almost all cases the presence of a proteolytic enzyme has been
demonstrated. In the first instance plants which were knowR to
possess a peptonising enzyme were made the subject of experiment,
with the result that the enzyme was in all cases found to be
proteolytic. This is true of the juice of the Pineapple {Ananas
sativus. Schult. f.), of the latex of the Papaw (Carica Papaya, L.),
of the Pig (Ficus Carica, L.), of the milk of the Coco-nut (Cocos
nucifera, L.), of the seeds of Vicia Faba, L., and of Hordeum
vidgare, L., of Teast {Saccliaromyces Cerevisice, Meyen), and of the
Bacteria of putrefaction (see 'Annals of Botany,' vol. xvi. 1902, p. 1).

The investigation \\as then extended to different parts of widely
differing plants. In view of the fact that the pi-oteids occurring
uatHrally in plants are such (e. g. globulins and albumoses) as are
readily digested, whereas those genernlly used (e. g. egg-albumin,
fibrin) are much more resistant, the material to be digested was
supplied in the form of the commercial product known as "Witte-
peptoue, a mixture of albumoses and peptones. It \vas found
that, with few exceptions, an enzyme was present which, as proved
by the tryptophane-reaction, proteolysed these substances in 4-20
hours. Only those experiments are relied on in which the period
of digestion was too brief to admit of putrefaction ; or in which
an antiseptic (H C N, or chloroform -water) was employed. The
digestive power is destroyed by boiling.

The plants and parts of plants investigated are the following : —

Fniifs: Melon; Cucumber; Tomato : Vegetable Marrow ; Black
and White hothouse Grapes ; Pear (Beurre Hardi) ; the
Orange, where the peel, but not the juice, was found to
digest ; Banana.

Lacticiferous plants : Eu/pliorhia Cliaracias (shoots) ; leaves of
the Lettuce.

Seeds : Green Peas : Wheat-Germ.

Stems: Vegetable Marrow ; BaJdia variabilis ; Mirabilis Jalapa;
Heliantlius tuberosiis.

LIXXEAJf SOCIETX OF LONDOX. 43

Bidbs : Onion; Tulip; Hyacintli.

Tubers : Jerusalem Artichoke ; Potato.

Leaves : Cabbage ; Tropa'oJum majus ; Dalilia variabilis ; Mira-
bilis Jalapa ; Spiiiacia oleracea ; Holcus mollis ; PJialaris
canaricnsis : Pnums Lauro-cerasus ; Hdianthas tuberosus ;
Hicinus cominunis ; Ajiium graveolens (both green and
etiolated); Pelargonium zonule; the Fern Scolopendrixon
vulgar e, but here digestion was slow.

Roots : Turnip ; Tomato ; Vegetable Marrow ; Phaseolus rnulti-
florus ; Alirabilis Jalapa ; Daucus Garota.

Fungi : the Mushroom.

Having established the presence of a proteolytic enzyme, the
next step was to ascertain whether the tissues or juices of the
plants under investigation were capable (like the Pineapple,
the Fig, the Papaw, etc.) of peptonising the higher proteids.
Evidence of the peptonisation of fibriu and of the caseiuogeu of
milk was obtained in the case of the juice of the Melon, of the
watery extract of the Lettuce, and of the tissue of the Mushroom.
The results in other cases were either doubtful or negative. There
was frequently evidence that the proteids naturally existing in the
vegetable substances themselves had been digested.

The experiments definitely establish the fact that an enzyme
which actively proteolyses the simpler forms of proteid is present
in all parts of the plant-body. But the question as to the precise
nature of this enzyme still remains to be answered. Where pro-
teoh'sis is accompanied by peptonisation, it may be inferred that
the enzyme is allied to the trypsin of the animal body. "Where
no peptonisation, but only proteolysis, can be detected, it seems
probable that the enzyme is allied to the erepsin recently discovered
by Cohnheim in the small intestine. Possibly more than one
enzyme rnaj' be active in certain cases.

The conclusions arrived at depend entirely upon the reliability
of the tryptophane-reaction as evidence of proteolysis. From
what is known as to its chemical composition and as to the con-
ditions of its formation in digestion, there can be no doubt that
tryptophane is a product of the disruption of the proteid molecule.
The point that had more particularly to be determined was whether
the substauce giving the colour-reaction with chlorine in these
experiments is really tryptophane. The isolation of tryptophane
is a difficult process, and was not attempted. Tlie chemical
identity of the substance is, however, established by the fact that
its chlorine-compound was found to give the same absorption-
spectrum as does that of tryptophane, namely, a band in the
green on the yellow side of the thallium-liue.

Mr. A. G. Taxsley, F.L.S., in his paper, illustrated by lantern-
slides, '' The Eelation of Histogenesis to Tissue-Morphology,"
dealt with a few points bearing on the relation of histogenesis at
the apex of the stem in the Pteridophyta to the morphology of
the tissue-regions in the adult stem.

44 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

In the first place, the variability of the position marked by the
first tangential wall in the different great groups of Pteridophyta
was pointed out ; and Van Tieghem's statement that it coincided,
in the Filicinese, with the outer limit of the monostele or (in the
polystelic forms) of the ring of steles, was held to rest on far too
narrow a basis of evidence. This outer limit is said to correspond
in most cases with the external limit of the protophloem, the
sheath-layers (pericyele and endodermis) of the monostele being
supposed to be derived from " cortex." However, the histogenetic
origin of these sheath-layers is extremely variable ; they are
derived from " cortex," or from a separate layer (coleogen), or
sometimes partly from the young stele itself. The most striking
deviation at present known in Ferns is found in Schizcea malaccana^
where each primary segment of the apical cell divides into an
anticlinal series of three cells, of which the middle one is an initial
of the vascular ring and the sheath-layers. If these histogenetic
differences were to be seriously taken as a clue to morphological
(phylogenetic) distinctions, the most patent absurdities would
result, e. g. the outer endodermis would not be homologous in
different Ferns, a practically impossible conclusion. The con-
sideration of the homologies of tissues must be based primarily
on a common-sense comparative consideration of adult structures.

The question of " pith" in Ferns was then touched upon, and
it was concluded that while the pith of Scliizcm is intrastelar,
histologically part of the amylom, and developed in place of the
central tracheids of a primitive protostele, remains of which are
found in some species of the genus, the large-celled pith enclosed
by an internal endodermis, which begins to make its appearance
in ScJiizcea and is normal in solenostelic Ferns, is a netv tissue,
phylogenetically the descendant of the intrastelar pith, or in other
cases of the central phloem, though in connection with, and often
histologically identical with the cortex. In considering this
question, a contemplation of the actual histogenesis of the central
tissue prevents our using the phrases " internal cortex " and
" intrusion of cortex."

Mr. L. A. Boodle, F.L.S., followed with a paper entitled
" Stelar Structure of ScMzcea and other Ferns," illustrated by
lantern-slides. In the rhizome of Schizcea dichotoma the stele has
normally a ring of xylem enclosing a centi'al pith, which is usually
largely sclerotic. A group of tracheids sometimes occurs in the
pith, and is either isolated or connected with the normal ring of
xylem. Endodermal pockets are present in connection with some
of the leaf-traces, and may pass obliquely inwards to near the
centre of the pith. Besides these an isolated inner endodermis
is occasionally found in the pith. The central tracheids and the
isolated inner endodermis appear to be vestigial ; the former are
probably remnants of the central part of the xylem of a proto-
stelic form, such as is seen in Lygodium, though it is possible that
they may represent a centrally placed protoxylem embedded in

LIXXEAX SOCIETY OF LONDON.

45

parenchyma, as found in Hijmenophi ilium scahrum. The isolated
inner endodermis is probably a relic ot" a previously better-
developed system of endodermal pockets, or of the latter connected
with a central tube of endodermis, but without internal phloem
(?'. e., in the latter case, the ectophloic siphonostelic type of
Jeffrey). The third possibility, that the structure of Scluz(m may
have been reduced from the solenostelic type (?". e. with internal
phloem and endodermis), such as is found in some species of Anemia,
is not excluded, though no evidence can at present be brought
forward in support of this \ie\x.

December -1th, 1902.

Leguminous Plants recommended by Virgil to restore Exhausted
Soil. By Dr. George Henderson, F.L.S.

A few days ago it was pointed out to me by my friend
Sir Annesley De Eeuzy that in Virgil's first Georgic, line 73, the
poet, after recommending a system of fallowing, proposes as an
alternative, and a means of restoring the fertility of the soil,
that before taking a second grain-crop, the soil should be re-
fertilized, by planting it with a leguminous crop. Tlie Romans,
it would seem, believed that these plants actually enriched the soil,
especially if the roots were ploughed in.

Virgil, Georgics I., lines 71-7S.

Alternis idem tonsas cessare novales,
Et segnem patiere situ durescere campum ;
Aut ibi flava seres mutato sidere farra,
Unde prius laetum siliqua quassante legumen,
Aut tenuis foetus vicioe, tristisque lupini
Sustuleris fragiles calamos, silvamque souantem.
Urit enim hni campum seges, urit avenae,
Urunt Lethseo perfusa papavera somno.

\J£i'anskttionJ^

You will also permit your fields from which you reap your
harvest to lie idle each alternate year and the indolent ground to
be strengthened by rest.

Or the season being changed you shall sow the golden barley
whence formerly you had borne away the luxuriant pulse, in their
rattling pods or the slender produce of the Vetch, or the bitter
Lupin's fragile stalks and rustling straw.

For a crop of flax burns up the soil and so does one of oats,
and so do the poppies steeped in the slumbers of Lethe.

It seems remarkable that the late discoveries about the nitrifica-
tion of soil by means of the roots of the Leguminosae should have
been foreshadowed so long ago by a people who could have known
nothing of chemistry or vegetable physiology. It also seems
strange that it took so long to ascertain anything definite as to

46 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

how the legumiuous phmts restored the soil, and no doubt there
is still much to be discovered regarding it.

Virgil mentions the lupin as a field-crop, we only know it as a
flower grown for ornament ; but to the present day in Germany
lupins are grown very extensively on very poor soil every third
or fourth year, simply to be ploughed in to enrich the soil ; the
lupin is so bitter that no animal will eat it, but sometimes it is
used in Germany as bedding for the cattle. The lupin ILiqnnus
luteus, Linn.] thus grown has a yellow flower.

February 19th, 1903.

Some Eemarks on the possible Uses of Essential Oils in the
Economy of Plant-life. By Dr. Geokge Henderson, E.L.S.

Everybody knows that moisture in the air tends to prevent
frost at night, but it is not always realized that the moist air, even
when clear and when there are no clouds, still acts in the same
way, and stops radiation from the surface of the ground.

Professor Tyndall, thirty-two years ago, experimenting on this
subject (see his ' Fragments of Science '), found that infinitesimal
quantities of essential oils in the air enormously increased its
power of absorbing heat-rays of low tension.

I am not aware that anyone has applied this fact as serving any
useful purpose in plant-life, but it seems to me that in this way
these oils may often prevent injury from frost at one of the most
critical periods of the plant's life, namely, Avhen it is setting its
fruit.

In the low hills of the Punjab Himalaya, from 1000 to 4000
feet above the sea and 10 to 20 miles across, in the end of March
and in April, when most of the plants are coming into flower, the
blossoms are apt to be blighted by late frosts, at least one would
expect this ; but at that season the air is filled with the odours of
essential oils from these blossoms to such an extent as to be at
times (and especially on a still night, when frost most often occurs)
quite overpowering.

My theory is that these essential oils help to prevent radiation
at night, and thus preserve the blossoms and allow the fruit to set ;
after all, it is usually only a matter of four or five degrees' fall of
temperatui'e just at sunrise which does all the damage.

I mention the Punjab Himalayas because it was there the matter
first attracted my attention, and probably nowhere else is there
more risk of damage from late fi'osts.

Tyndall states that, taking the absorptive power of dry air at 1,
moisture added to the air increases this power to 72 ; but an
infinitesimal trace of

Oil of Eosemary gives 74
Oil of Laurel " „ 80
Camomile flowers ,, 87
Cassia „ 109

Spikenard ,, 355

Aniseed „ 372

LIXXEAK SOCIETY OF LONDON. 47

I do not know if Tyndall's experiments have been followed up
by any botanist, but if not, I think this will form an interesting
subject for further investigation,

April 2nd, 1903.

Dr. D. T. Gavtnxe-Vaughan gave a lantern- demonstration of
his paper, " On the Comparative Anatomy of the Cyatbeaceae and
other Ferns." He stated that the vascular system at the very
base of tlie stem of a young plant of Ahojihila exceha, E. Br., is
found to be protostelie, and as it advances towards the more com-
plicated structure of the mature stem it passes through a series
of transitional stages which in certain other Ferns are retained as
the permanent structure of the full-grown plant.

The first departure in the young plant from the protostelie type
of structure is due to the appearance of a core of phloem within
the substance of the xylem of the protostele. This gives rise to
a type of vascular structure which maybe found in DavaUla repens,
Desv., as the permanent structure of the mature stem. Then, in
the young plant, the endodermis and ground-tissue lying on the
adaxial side of the departing leaf -traces are prolonged downwards
into the internal core of phloem. These decurrent strands of
ground-tissue at first end blind!}- in the internal core of phloem
before reaching the node below, giving rise, in this manner, to a
type of stele which is also to be found in the mature stem of
DavaUia pinnata, Cav. T\'hen the decurrent ground-tissue be-
comes continuous from one node of the young plant to the other,
a solenostelic structure is reached entirely similar to that found
in the mature stems of a large number of different Ferns.

It is suggested that this series of vascular types illustrates the
actual manner in which the transition from protostely to dictyo-
stely took place in the Cyatheacese and Polypodiacese. That is to
say, the ancestral protostele of these two orders never contained
a "definite pith, and its conversion into a solenostele was initiated
by the replacement of some of its xylem elements by phloem,
later on by endodermis and ground-tissue. This suggestion is not
in any way afl^ected by the question 'as to the cortical or stelar
nature of the internal ground-tissue.

The xylem in the steles of Fern-stems seems to be differentiated
in two different ways. Either the protoxylem elements are moi'e
or less evenly distributed all round the periphery of the xylem
mass, or else they are localized in definite endarch or mesai'ch
strands. In the latter case the protoxylem strands of the stem
are ah^ays related directly or indirectly with those in the leaf-
trace.

In the more primitive Pteridophyta in which the influence of
the leaf-trace upon the stem-stele is practically negligible, the
protoxylem is nearly always exarch, and it would seem that
endarchy originated in the leaf-trace and that, in general, it
appeared in the stem only when the influence of the leaf-trace
had begun to dominate the structure of the latter.

48 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

June 4th, 1903.

Dr. Percy Groom, F.L.S., read a paper entitled " Notes on
tbe Transition of Opposite Leaves into the Alternate Arrange-
ment : a new factor in morphologic observation." The author
stated that his observations began on Atr'lple.v rosea, and to make
a graphic representation of i-esults, he plotted the length of the
internodes in a given manner, which produced a zigzag curve :
when this principle was applied to Ohenopodium and Salsola an
entirel}' similar result came out, and a zigzag course was plotted,
due to the long and short internodes alternating. At first he
suspected this might be due to its nearness to salt water, but
inland specimens told the same tale, and neither the influence of
day and night nor of salinity could account for it. His belief was
that the true solution lay in an upward displacement of one of the
two leaves at each node from a primitive opposite phyllotaxis.
Such a displacement by fusion is admitted in the opposite-leaved
SciKcornia, in which both leaves are fused with the main stem up
to the succeeding node. Continuing his observations, the author
examined Scropliidaria nodosa, which exhibited a transition from
an opposite phyllotaxis to an alternate arrangement in the in-
florescence. Symphytum officinale showed a regular displacement-
curve in its raised and fused axillary branches. Mhinanthus Crista-
galli occasionally presented a curious anomaly : the leaves Avere
commonly opposite, but sometimes became suddenty alternate,
but in such instances the individuals showed some of the solitary
leaves bilobed or succeeded at the next higher node by two
asymmetrical laterally approximated leaves. Lysimachia vidc/aris
first showed opposite leaves, then by the process last described,
splitting at the apex and becoming distinct, a whorl of four leaves
finally appeared. The author laid stress on the fact that he had
taken his species at random, as they came to his hand, and were
not specially selected. Although this was only a preliminary
statement of the facts observed, it embodied a long series of
observations.

June 18th, 1903.

Dr. Eustace read a paper upon " Rudimentary Horns in Horses,"
in which he recorded the occurrence of bilateral osseous promin-
ences on the frontal bones in two thoroughbreds, "Domain,"
aged 5, belonging to Mr. H. Bonas, and " The Swamper,"' aged 3.
Both horses at the time of writing were under the care of
Mr. Alfred Day, of Westergate. In the younger horse the
bosses did not appear until the animal was six months old ; in
both the left boss w-as larger than the right.

The author stated that Mr. William Day remembered the same
peculiarities being exhibited by " Mounseer," the property of
Lord Eivers, and the winner of the Chester Cup in 1850.

It is of interest that " Mounseer," " Domain," and " The
Swamper " are all descended from " Eclipse," which itself was the

LIIfNEAK SOCIETY OF LONDON. 49

great-great-grandson of " Darley Arabian,"' a horse purchased at
Aleppo and shipped to England in 1 705.

The anthor drew attention to a passage in Darwin's ' Yariation
ot" Animals and Plants under Domestication ' (ed. 2, vol. i. p. 52),
to the effect that "in various countries horn-like projections
have been observed on the frontal bones of the horse : in one
case described by Mr. Percival they arose about 2 inches above
the orbital processes, and were ' very like those in a calf from
five to six mouths' old,' being from half to three-quarters of an
inch in length. Azara has described two cases in South America,
in which the projections were between 3 or 4 inches in length ;
other instances have occurred in Spain."' " The French translator
of Azara refers to other cases mentioned by Huzard as having
occurred in Spain."

Dr. Eustace considers that, although both of the two horses
that formed the subject of his paper were of a delicate consti-
tution, and Lord Rivers's horse died when only four years' old,
the prominences cannot be looked upon as exostoses due to disease.
He considers the cases to be true instances of " reversion," the
reappearance in a rudimentary condition of structures which once
existed in a functionally perfect condition. Dr. Eustace is con-
sequently led to question the accuracy of the view held by the
late Mr. Romanes and others that true bilateral horns are peculiar
to, and an evidence of later specialization among the Ruminants ;
and he regards it as pi'obable that the possession of horns was a
feature of the ancestral stock of the Ungulates prior to the
differentiation of the Ruminants and the non-Ruminants.

LINN. see. PROCEEDINGS, — SESSION 1902-1903.

ADDITIONS AND DONATIONS

TO THE

LIBRARY.

1902-1903.

Aberdeen.

Aberdeen Working Mens' Natural History and Scientific
Society. No. 1. 8vo. Aberdeen, 1903.

Ade (Alfred). Flora des bayerischen Bodenseegebietes. Ueber-
sicht liber die im bayerischen Bodenseegebiet bis jetzt be-
obachteten wikhvachsenden Phanerogamen und Gefasskiypto-
gamen. Pp. 127. (Ber. Bayer. Bot. Ges. viii.)

8vo. 2Iunc7ien, 190] .
Agassiz (Louis). An Essay on Classification. Pp. viii, 381.

8vo. London, 1859. J. C. Galton.

Albert Honore Charles {Prince de Monaco). Eesultats des Cam-

pagDes Scientifiques acconiplies sur son Yachts [V Hirondelle et

la Frincesse-Alice^. Paseicules 21, 22. 4to. Monaco, 1902.

XXI. Holothuries (Princesse-Alicc). By Edgard Herouard. (1902.)
XXII. Echantillous d'eaux et de fonds proyenaut des campagnes de la
Princesse-Alice. (1901.) By J. Tiioulet. (1902.)

Notes de Geographic Biologiqne Marine. Pp. 11. (Verh.

d. VII. Intern. Geogr.-Kongress, Berlin, 1899.)

8a^o. Berlin, 1900.
Sur la troisieme campagne de la Princesse-Alice. II. Pp. 4.

(Compt. Eend. cxxxiv^) 4to. Paris, 1902.

— Sur une nouvelle bouteille destinee a recueillir I'eau de

mer a des profondeurs quelconques. Pp. 3. (Compt. Eend.

cxxxiv.) 4to. Paris, 1902.

Sur la quatrieme campagne de la Princesse-Alice. II.

Pp. 5. (Compt. Eend. cxxxvi.) 4to. Paris, 1903. Author.

Alcock (Alfred William). Eeport on the Deep-Sea Madreporaria
of the Siboga Expedition . hee Siboga-Expeditie.

Allen (Henry A.). Catalogue of Types and Eigured Specimens
of British Fossil Phyllocarida preserved in the Museum of
Practical Geology, London. Pp. 4. (Append. A. Summary
Progress Geol. Surv. 1901.) Svo. London, 1902.

Catalogue of Types arid Eigured Specimens of British

Palaeozoic Echinodermata preserved in the Museum of Practical
Geology, London. Pp. 8. (Append. B. Summary Progress
Geol. Surv. 1901.) Svo. Zo«c?o», 1902. Author.

Ameghino (Florentino). Le Pyrotherium n'est pas parent du
Di]irotodon. Pp. 2. (An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, viii.)

8vo. Buenos Aires, 1902._

PHOCEEDIiSGS OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY OP LONDOJf. 5 I

Ameghino (Plorentino). Notas sobre algunos Mamiferos Fosiles
iiuevos 6 poco conocidos del Valle de Tarija. Pp. 37 ; plates 7.
(An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, viii.) 8vo. Buenos Aires, 1902.

Sur la Geologie de Patagonia. Pp. 7. (An. Mus. Nac.

Buenos Aires, viii.) 8vo. Buenos Aires, 1902.

■ Cuadro Sinoptico de las formaciones Sedimentarias, Terci-

arias y Cretjiceas de la Argentina en relacion con el desarrollo
y descendencia de los Mamiferos. Pp. 12. (An. Mus. Nae.
Buenos Aires, viii.) 8vo. Buenos Aires, 1902.

Linea filogenetica de los Proboscideos. Pp. 42 ; figs. 38.

(An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, viii.) 8vo. Buenos Aires, 1902.

Author.

Arber (Edward Alexander Newell). Les Nipadites des Couches
Eocenes de la Belgique. See Seward (Albert Charles).

Archer (Thomas Croxen). Popular Economic Botany. Pp. xv,
359 ; plates 20. (Lovell Eeeve's Series.) 8vo. London, 1853.

J. C. Galton.

Ascherson (Paul) and Graebner (Paul). Synopsis der Mittel-
evu'opiiischeu Flora. Lieferung 1-28. 8vo. Leipzig, 1896-1903.

Azara {Don Felix de). The Natural History of the Quadrupeds
of Paraguay and the River la Plata : translated from the Spanish
of Don Felix de Azara, with a memoir of the Author, a physical
sketch of the Country, and numerous notes ; by W. Perceval
HuNTEE. Vol. I. {All published.) 8vo. Edinburgh, 1838.

J. C. Galton.

Baer (Wilhelin). Der Vorgeschichtliche Mensch. Ursprung
iind Entwicklung des Meuschengeschlechtes. Zweite, vollig
umgearbeitete Auflage von Feiedrich yon Hellwald. Pp. x,
708 ; mit 500 Illustrationen und 6 Tonbildern.

8vo. Leipzig, 1880. J. C. Galton.

Bailey (Charles). On the Adventitious Vegetation of the Sandhills
of St. Anne's-on-the-Sea, North Lancashire (Vice Countv 60).
(Mem. Manch. Lit. & Phil. See, vol. 47.) 8vo. Manchester,' 1902.

The Oxlip, and its relations with the Cowslip and Primrose

in England. An Address delivered at the Inaugural Meeting
and Conversazione of the Manchester Field Club, at the Athe-
naeum, Manchester, 27th April, 1899. (Reprinted, with
additions, from Proc. Manch. Field Club, vol. i. pp. 26-35.)
Pp. 22, and 1 plate. 8vo. Manchester, 1903. Author,

Bailey (Frederick Manson). The Queensland Flora. Pp.2015;
plates 88. 8vo. Brisbane, 1899-1902.

Part I. Rammculacese to Anacardiacea;. Pp. i-xxxii, 1-325 ; Index

i-sii ; plates 1-12. (1899.)
„ II. Conaraceae to Cornacete. Pp. 326-737 ; Index i-xii ; platee

13-2.5. (1900.)
„ III. Caprifoliaceffi to GentianejE. Pp. 738-1030 ; Index i-x ; plates

26-43. (1900.)
„ IV. Hygrophyllaceas to El£eagnacea\ Pp. 1031-1372 ; Index i-xi ;

plates 44-61. (1901.)
„ V. LoranthaceiE to Lemnacese. Pp. 1373-1700 ; Index i-xi ;

plate.s 62-76. (1902.)
„ VI. Alismacece to Filices. Pp. 1701-2015 ; Index i-xii ; plates

77-88. (1902.)

e2

52 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Baker (Marcus). Geographic Dictionary of Alaska. Pp. 446.
(Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. no. 187.) 8yo. Washington, 1902.

Baker (Richard Thomas) and Smith (Henry G.). A Eesearch on
the Eucalypts, especially in regard to their Essential Oils.
(Technolog. Mus. New S. Wales, Educ. Ser. no. 13.) Pp. xi,
295 ; plates 44. 4to. Sydney, 1902. Authors.

Barboza du Bocage (Jose Vicente). Publicacoes Scientificas de
J. V. Barboza du Bocage (1857-1901). Pp. 39.

8vo. Lishoa, 1901.

Aves e Reptis de Cabo A^erde. Pp. 5. (Jorn. Sci. Math.,

Phys. e Nat., 2 ser. vi. no. 24.) 8vo. Lishoa, 1902.

Les Antilopes d'Augola. Pp. 9. (Jorn. Sci. Math., Phys.

e Nat., 2 ser. vi. no. 24.) 8vo. Lishoa, 1902.

Author.
Barton (Ethel Sarel). The Genus Halimeda. See Siboga-

Expeditie.
Bather (Francis Arthur). Echinoderma. See Lankester (E. Bay).

Treatise on Zoology, Part iii.
Beccari (Odoardo). Systematic Enumeration of the Species of
Calamus and Dannonorops, with Descriptions of New Ones.
Pp. 34. (Eec. Bot. Surv. India, vol. ii. no. 3.)

8vo. Calcutta, 1902.

Becker (Wilhelm). Vorarbeiten zu einer Flora Bayerns. Eamilie

der Violaceen. (Ber. Bayer. Bot. Ges. viii.) 8vo. Munclien, I'dOl.

J. C. Galton.
Beddard (Frank Evers). A Text-book of Zoogeography. [Cam-
bridge Nat. Sci. Manuals.] 8vo. Camhridge, 1895.

J. C. Galton.
Bell (Francis Jeffrey). Guide to the Coral Gallery (Protozoa,
Porifera or Sponges, Hydrozoa, and Anthozoa), in the Depart-
ment of Zoology, British Museum (Natural History). Pp. 73.
See British Museum — Guide-books.
Benham (William Blaxland). Platyhelmia, Mesozoa, and Nemer-

tini. See Lankester (E. Ray). Treatise on Zoology, Part iii.
Berlin.

Das Tierreich. Herausgegeben von der Deutschen Zoologischen
Gesellschaft. Generalredakteur : Franz Eilhard Schulze.
Liefg. 1-19. 8vo. Berlin, 1897-1903.

Liefg. 18. Ares. Paridte, Sitticia; imd Oerthiidse, vou C. E. Hell.mayr.
1903.
,, 19. Poi'ifera. Tetrasouia, von Robert von Lendenfeld.
1903.
Bibliotheca Botanica {continued).

Heft 58. Gi'NTiiART (A.). Beitrage zur Bliithenbiologie der Cruciferen,
Crassulaceen, und der Gattung Saxifraga. Pp. ix, 97; mit 11
Tafeln. 1902.
,, 59. Kroembu (Karl). Wurzelhaut, Hypodermis und Endodermis der
Angiospermenwurzel. Pp. 151 ; mit 6 Tafeln. 1903.

Bibliotheca Zoologica {continued).

Band XV. Heft 36. Liefg. 1 & 2. Stromer von Reichenbach (Ernst). Die
Wii'bel der Land-Raubtiere, ihre Morpliologie und
Systematische Bedeutung. Pp. viii, 276 ; rait 5
Tafeln. 1902.

LINNBAJf SOCIETY OF LONDON. 53

Bibliotheca Zoologica {continued).

Baud XV. Heft 38. Illig (Karl Gottwalt). Duftorgane der mannlichen
Schmetterliiige. Pp. 34 ; mit 5 Tafeln. 1902.
,, XVI. Heft 39. SciiAUiNSLAND (Hugo Hermanx). Beitrage zur Ent-
wicklungsgeschichte und Anatomie der Wirbelthiere.
Pp. 168 ; mit 56 Tafeln. 1903.

Bicheno (James Ebenezer). On Systems and Methods in Natural

History. Pp. :^0. (Trans. Linn. Soc.x v.) 4to. London, \'^27 .
Birds. The Birds of Glamorgan. Compiled by a Committee

of the Cardiff Naturalists' Society. Pp. xxv, 163 ; plates 5.

4to. Cardiff, 1900.
Birmingham.

Watson Botanical Exchange Club.

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Boehmig (Ludwig). Turbellarien : Rhabdocoeliden und Tricla-

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Bonnet (Emile). Catalogue de la Bibliotheque de TAcademie des

Sciences et Lettres de Montpellier. I-> Svo. MontpeUier,\^'^\^

Boulger (George Simonds). Flowers of the Pield. 29th Edition.

See Johns (Charles Alexander). J. C. Galton.

The Country Month by Month. See Owen (Jean A.)

J. C. Galton.
Bourne (Gilbert C). Porifera and Coelentera. See Lankester

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Braithwaite (Roberr). The British Moss-Plora. Part 22.

Svo. London, 1903. Author.
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North Queensland Ethnography. Bulletin No. 4.

Fol. Brisbane, 1902.
No. 4. EoTH (Walter E.). Games, Sports and Amusements. 1902.

British Association for the Advancement of Science.

Report (Belfast), 1902. Svo. London, 1903.

Council Brit. Assoc.
British Museum {continued).

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Birds.

Catalogue of the Collection of Birds' Eggs in the British Museum

(Natural History). Vol. II. Carinatse (Charadriiformes —

Strigiformes). By Eugenje William Gates. Pp. xx, 400 ;

plates 1-15. Svo. London, 1902.

Guide-books.
Guide to the Coral Gallery (Protozoa, Porifera or Sponges,
Hydrozoa, and Anthozoa), in the Department of Zoology,
British Museum (Natural History) ; with numerous Illustra-
tions. Bv Randolph Kirkpatrick and Francis Jeffrey
Bell. Pp. 73. Svo. London, 1902.

54 PKOCEEDINGS OP THE

British Museum {continued.)

Hai^dbooks.
Handbook of Instructions for Collectors, issued by the British
Museum (Natural History) ; with Illustrations. Pp. iv, 137.

8vo. London, 1902.
Buckhurst HiU.

Museum Handbooks, Nos. 2-5. •

8vo. CMngford Sr Stratford, 1895-1901.
The Coming of Age of the Essex Field Club. A Record of
Local Scientific Work, 1880-1901. The Presidential
Address delivered at the 22nd Annual General Meeting of
the Club on March 22nd, 1902. [Reprinted (with separate
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8vo. Stratford, 1902.
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Burgess (Edward Sandford). Studies in the History and Varia-
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8vo. New Tori; 1902.
Burne (Richard Higgins). See London — Royal College of
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Burri (Robert). Ueber einige zum Zwecke der Artcharakter-
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Butler (Arthur Gardiner). Lepidoptera Rhopalocera of Christ-
"^ mas Island. See British Museum — Monogr, of Christmas

Island.
Calcutta.
^Indian Museum.

An Account of the Indian Triaxonia collected by the Royal
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English by Robert von Lendenfeld. Pp. 113 : plates 23.

4to. Calcutta, 1902.
Cambridge Natural Science Manuals. Biological Series. General
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Zoogeography. By Feank E. Beddard. Pp. viii, 246, & 5 Maps (1895).

J. C. Galton.
Canada.

Geological Survey.

Geological Map of Dominion of Canada. (Western Sheet,
No. 783.) Scale: 50 miles = 1 inch. 1902.

Catalogue of Canadian Plants. Part VII. Lichenes and
Hepaticse. By John Macoun. Pp. v, 318 ; Index xix.

8vo. Ottatva, 1902.

LINNEAK SOCIETY OF LONDON. 55

'Canada (contimied.)

Geological Survey (contiuued).

Contributions to Canadian Palaeontology.
Vol. III. Part 2. ' 4to. Otimva, 1902.

On Vertebrata of the Mid-Cretaceous of the North- West Territory.
By Henry Fairfield Osborn and Lawrence M. Lambe. 1902.

1. Distinctive Characters of the Mid-Cretaceous Fauna. By Henry

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Chicago.

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No. TV. Part I. Weller (Stuart). The Paleontology of the
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Chodat (Robert). Plantae Hassleriana; soit enumeration des
plantes recolte'es au Paraguay par le Dr. Emile Hassler, d'Aarau
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Chun (Carl). Aus den Tiefen des Weltmeeres : Schilderungen
von der Deutsclien Tief see-Expedition. Zweite umgearbeitete
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J. C. Galton.

Cieslar (Adolph). Eobebt Haetig. Ein Nachruf von A. Cieslae,
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Clayton (John). The Cowthorpe Oak. Pp. 22 and 32 photo-
graphs. Ito. Bradford, 1899. Author.

Coghlan (T. A.). The "Wealth and Progress of New South Wales.
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56 PROCEEDnfGS OF THE

Cole (William). The Essex Museum of Natural History (Estab-
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of the Constitution, Aims, and Methods of the Museum. Pp. 15
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Svo. Stratford, 1900.

Collett {The late Sir Henry). Elora Siralensis. A Handbook of
the Flowering Plants of Simla and the iNeighbourhood. With
an Introduction by W. Boitixg Hemsley. Pp. Ixviii, 652,
and 200 Hlustrations in the Text drawn by Miss JNI. Smith,
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Cooke (Theodore). The Flora of the Presidency of Bombay.
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Cope (Edward Drinker). The Origin of the Fittest. Essays on

Evolution. Pp. xix, 467 ; plates 14, figs. 81.

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Crossland (Charles). The Fungus-Flora of Yorkshire. Scl'

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Cunningham (Joseph Thomas). Sexual Dimorphism in the Animal
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Organic Evolution as the Eesult of the Inheritance of

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Cuvier (Georges Leopold Charles Frederic Dagohert). Tableau
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Leoons d'Anatomie comparee : recueillies et publiees sous

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1894. Pp. viii, 459.
II. CynipidiT. 1S93. Pp. viii, 140.

III. Trigonalidi^i, Megalyridte, Stephanidce, Iclnieumonidte, Agriotjpidae,

Evaniidw, Pelecinida. 1901-1902. Pp. viii. 1141.

IV. Braconidffi. 1898. Pp. viii, 323.

V. Chaleididre et Proctotrupidre. 1898. Pp. viii, 598.
VI. CbiTsididffi (Tubulifera). 1892. Pp. viii, 118.
VII. Forinicidae (Heterogyna). 1890. Pp. viii, 289.
VIII. Fossores (Spbegid*). 1897. Pp. viii, 749.
IX. VespidiB (Diploptei-a). 1894. Pp. viii, 181.
X. Apida^ (Antbopbila). 1896. Pp. viii, 643.

Dalla Torre (Karl Wilhelm von) and Harms (Hermann).
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XIXXEAN SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. 57

Dalton (William Herbert). A Brief Sketch of the Crag Forma-
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Danisli Ingolf-Expedition in 1895-iJ6, under Command of
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Darwin (Charles). See Nature Series. Memorial of Charles
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Darwinism, The Primrose and, by a Field Naturalist. Pp. xiii,.
1^3:3 ; tigs. 23. Svo". London, 1902. J. C. Galton.

Davenport (Charles Benedict). Experimental Morphology.

Pan I. Effect of Cheniieal and Physical Agents upon Protoplasm. 1897.
(Pp. i -xiv, 1-2S0 ; ligs. 1-74.)
„ II. Effect of Chemical and Physical Agents upon Groutli. 1899.
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8vo. Neiv Yorh S,- London, 1897-99. J. C. Galton.

Davis (J. R. Ainsworth). Patella (The Common Limpet).
Pp. viii, 70 ; ])lates 4. See Liverpool Marine Biology Com-
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Dawkins (William Boyd). The Red Sandstone-liocks of Peel
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The Carboniferous, Permian, and Triassic Eocks under the

Glacial Drift in the North of the Isle of Man. See Manchester —
Owens College.

On Bigbury Camp and the Pilgrims' Way. See Man-
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Debray (Ferdinand). Catalogue des Algues du Maroc, d'Alge'rie
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Dixon (Ealph) and Watson (John William). A Descriptive

Manual of British Land and Fresh-Water Shells, containing

descriptions and figures of all the Species. Pp. x, 88 ; plates 8.

8vo. Darlington, 1858. J. C. Galton.

Doppler (Christian). Ueber das farbige Licht der Doppelsterne
und einiger anderer Gestirne des Himmels. Versuch einer das
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ihm bekannten Physikalischen Princips. Neu herausgegeben
von Dr. F. J. Studxicka. Pp. 25, mit 1 Tafel und Portriit.

8vo. Prag, 1903.

Drude (Oscar). Der Hercynische Florenbezirk. GrundzUge der
Pflanzenverbreitung im mitteldeutschen Berg- und Hiigel-
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1 Karte. (Engler Drude, Vegetation der Erde, vi.)

8vo. Leipzig, 1902.

Duckworth (W. L. H.). See London — Eoyal College of Surgeons.
Descriptive and Illustrated Catalogue of the Physiological Series
of Comparative Anatomy. Vol. II. 2nd Edition. 1902.

58 PBOCEEDINGS OF THE

Ducret (Eugene). Contributiou a I'Etude du Developpement des

meiiibres pairs et impairs des Poissons teleosteens type Trutta

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Durham (H. E.). Eeport of the Yellow Pever Expedition to

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4to. Liverpool, 1902.
Durme (Paul van). Quelques Notes sur les Embryons de

Strongi/lo'ides intestinalis et leur penetration par la Peau. Pp. 4 ;

plate 1. (Liverp. School of Tropical Medicine, vol. iv. pt. 2.)

4to. Liverpool, 1902.
Diitton (J. Everett). Preliminary note upon a Trypan osome

occurring in the Blood of Man. Pp. 14 ; plates 2, and 4 charts.

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4t.o. Liverpool, 1902.
Dyer (Bernard). Results of Investigations on the Eothamsted

Soils, being the Lectures delivered under the Provisions of the

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Author.
Dyer (Sir William Turner Thiselton-). In Memoriam (the late

Sir Henry Collexx). See CoUett {the late Sir Henry). Flora

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Elmer (Gustav Heinrich Theodor). Organic Evolution as the

Result of the Inheritance of acquired Characters according to

the Laws of Organic Growth. Translated by J. T. Cunningham.

Pp. sxviii, 435 ; figs. 6. Svo. London, 1890. J. C. Galton.

Ellacombe (Henry N.). The Plant-Lore and Garden-Craft of

Shakespeare. New Edition. Illustrated. Pp. xvi, 383.

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Elliot (George Francis Scott). Nature Studies (Plant Life).

Pp. vii, 352 ; figs. 43. Svo. London, 1903. Author.

Engler (Adolf) and Drude (Oscar). Die Vegetation der Erde.

I.-VI. ' Svo. Leijizir/, 1896-1902.

VI. Der Hercynisehe Florenbezirk. Gnuidzuge der Pflanzenverbreitung
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Ewart (Alfred James). First Stage Botany. As illustrated by
Flowering Plants. For the Elementary Stage of the South
Kensington Board of Education Examinations. 2ud Edition.
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Author.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 59

Ewart (Alfred James). On the Physics and Physiology o£
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8vo. Oxford, 1903. Author.

Falkenberg (Paul). Die Ehodomelaceen des Grolfes von Neapel, &c.

Pp. xvi, 754, mit 10 Textflguren und 2-4 Tafeln. See Naples —

Zoological Statiou. Monog. xxvi.

Feltgen ( Johann). Vorstudieu zu eiuer Pilz-Flora des Grossher-

zogthums Luxemburg. (Mem. Soc. Bot. Luxemb. xiv,, xv.)

8vo. TMvemhurrj, 1899-1902.
Field Naturalist. The Primrose and Darwinism, by a. Pp. xiii,
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Field (The). Naturalist's Quarterly. A Journal devoted to
Zoology in all its Branches, Botany, Archaeology, Folk-Lore,
and all subjects worked by Field-Naturalist and Kindred
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8vo. Edinburgh cj- London, 1902. B. Daydon Jackson.

Fischer (Max). Deutscber Roggen und russischer Eoggeu.

Antrittsvorlesung : Die Bedeutung einer Verbiudiug vou

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Flagey (C). Catalogue des Lichens de I'Algerie. See Bat-

tandier (Jules Aime) and Trabut (Louis). Flore de TAlgerie.

Fletcher (James). Canada Department of Agriculture, Central

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Insects, Fungous Diseases — -Treatments. Evidence of

Jas. Fletcher, Entomologist and Botanist, before tlie Select
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Frankf urt-a .-Main .

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Thoen (J. P.). Die Periodischen Schriften der Sencken-
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Molukken sowie Neu-Guinea. 2 vols.
Vol. I. pp. X, 260 ; mit 120 lUustrationen, 5 Tonbildern mid 1 Karte.
Vol. II. pp. vii, 252; mit 120 lUusti-ationen, o Tonbildern und 1 Karte.

8vo. Ldi^zig, 1868. J. C. Galton.

6o PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Froggatt (Walter Wilson). Australian Psyllidae. Parts I., II.
(Proc. LiDii. Soc. N.S.W. xxv. pp. 250-302. pis. 11-14; xxvi.
pp. 242-298, pis. 14-16.) 8vo. Sydney, 1900-1901.

The Pear and Cherry Slug {Enocamua limacina, Eetz).

generally known as Selandria cerasi, with Notes on Australian
Sawflies. Pp. 11 ; plates 4. (Agric. Gazette N.S.AV. xii.)

8vo. Sydney, 1901.
Typical Insects of Central Australia. Pp. 10 ; plate 1.

(Agric. Gazette JS'.S.W. xii.) 8vo. Sydney, 1901.

Notes on j^ ustralian Hemiptera (Plant Bugs). Pts. I., 11.

Pp. 10, plate 1; pp. 7, plate 1. (Agric. Gazette N.S.W. xii.,
siii.) 8vo. Sydney, 1901-1902.

The Collection and Preservation of Insects. Pp. 26 :

figs. 5. (Agric. Gazette N.IS.W. xiii.) 8vo. Sydney, 1902.

— Insects of the Wattle Trees. Pp. 20 ; plates 3. (Agric.

Gazette N.S.W. xiii.) Svo. Sydney, 1902.

Australian Ladybird-Beetles. Pp. 17 ; plate 1. (Agric.

Gazette N.8.W. siii.) 8vo. Sydney, 1902.

— The Indian Wax Scale as an Orchard Pest, and its Control
(Cerojjlastes ceriferns, Anderson). Pp. 4 ; plate 1. (Agric.
Gazette N.S.W. "xiii.) Svo. Sydney, 1902.

— The Limitations of Parasites in the Destruction of Scale

Insects. Pp. 7. (Agric. Gazette N.S.W. xiii.)

Svo. Sydney, 1902.
— Some Garden Pests. Pp. 7 ; plates 2. (Agric. Gazette
N.S.W. xiii.) Svo. Sydney, 1902.

Notes on iVustralian Neuroptera aud their Life-Histories.

Pp. 12. (Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. xxvii.) Svo. Sydney, 1902.
Woolly Aphis, an American Blight (ScJiizonewa lanigera.

Hausman). Pp. 8 ; plate 1. (Agric. Gazette N.S.W. xiv.)

Svo. Sydney, 1903. Author.

G-amble (James Sykes). A Manual of Indian Timbers : an Account

of the Growth, Distribution and L^ses of the Trees and Shrubs

of India and Ceylon, with Descriptions of their Wood-Structure.

New and Eevised Edition. Pp. xxvi, 856 ; plates 16.

Svo. London, 1902. Author.

Gammie (George Alexander). A Note on the Plants used for

Pood during Famines and Seasons of Scarcity in the Bombay

Presidencv. Pp. 26. (Eecords Bot. Surv. India, vol. ii. no. 2.)

Svo. Calcutta, 1902.

Gannett (Henry). A Gazetteer of Porto Eico. Pp. 51. (Bull.

U.S. Geol. Surv. no. 183.) Svo. Wasldnqton, 1901.

A Gazetteer of Cuba. Pp. 113 & 8 plates. (Bull. U.S.

Geol. Surv. no. 192.) Svo. Washington, 1902.

A Gazetteer of Texas. Pp. 162 & 8 plates. (Bull. U.S.

Geol. Surv. no. 100.) Svo. Washington, 1902.

Garden (The). Vols. 61, 62. 4to. London, 1902. Proprietor.
Gardeners' Chronicle. 3rd ser. Vols. 31, 32.

fol. London. 1902. Editor.

LTXXJGAX SOCIETY OF LO>'DOX. 6 1

Oerassiinow (^Johann J.). Die Abhaugigkeit der Gi-cisse der Zelle

von der Menge ihrer Kernmasse. Pp. 39. (Zeitschr. f . allgem.

Physiol., Band i.) Svo. Jena, i9u2. Author.

Glamorgan, The Birds of. Compiled by a Committee of the

Cardiff Xaturalists' Society. Pp. xxv, 163 ; plates 5.

4to. Cardiff, 190U.
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oeconomiam. Pp. vi, 24, & 1 plate. 4to. Bonme. 1843.

J. C. Galton.
Goodrich (Edwin Stephen). Echiuoderma. See Lankester

(E. Ray). Treatise on Zoology. Part iii.
Gould (I. Chalkley). Xotes npon the Eoniano-British Settlement

at Chi^well, Essex, with a Description of the Articles exhibited

in the Loan Collection in the Eppiug Eorest Museum. Pp. 16.

(Essex Field Club Mus. Handb. no. 2.) Svo. CJihuiford, 1895.
Graebner (Paul). Synopsis der Mitteleuropaischen Flora. See

Ascherson (Paul).
Green (^Conrad Theodore). The Flora of the Liverpool District.

Illustrated by Drawings and Photographs. Pp. xii, 2U7 ;

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C. Theodore Green.
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Treatise on Zoology, Part iii.
Grintzesco (Jean). Recherches experimentales sur la Morphologie

et la Physiologic de Scenedesmus acutus, Meyen. Pp. 74 ik

5 plates. (Bull. I'Herb. Boissier, 2ud ser. ii.)

Svo. Geneve, 1902. R. Chodat.
Glinthart (A.). Beitrage zur Bliithenbiologie der Cruciferen,

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Gundlach (Josef). L^eber die Yerwendung von Hiihuereiweiss zu

Xahrbciden fiir backteriologische Tenters uchungen. Inaugural-
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Haeckel (Ernst Heinrich). Kunst-Formen derNatur. Lieferung 8 ;

Tafeln 71-80. Fol. Leipzirj t^- Wien, 1903. Author.

Hall (Robert). A Key to the Birds of Australia and Tasmania,

with their Geographical Distribution in Australia. Pp. x, 116 ;

plate 1 & map. Svo. Melbourne Jj- London, 1899.
The Insectivorous Birds of Victoria, with Chapters on

Birds more or less Useful. Pp. 256 ; figs. 55 & map.

Svo. Melbourne, 1900. Author.
Hamburg.

Hamburger Magalhaensische Sammelreise.

Ergebnisse. Lieferung 6. Svo. Hamburg, 1902.

Hamilton (Augustus). The Art Workmanship of the Maori Eace

in New Zealand. h\ 5 parts. 4to. WelliiH/ton, 1S96-1901.

Handbook of Instructions for Collectors, issued by the Bi-itisli

Museum (Xatural History). Pp. iv, 137. 'See British Museum

— Handbooks.

62 PKOCEEDINGS OP THE

Haiisgirg (Antonin). Phyllobiologie nebst Uebersicht der Biolo-
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66 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Liverpool.

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LINXEAX SOCIETY OF LONDOX. 67

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70 PKOCEBDINOS OF THE

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Jahrb., Abth. Anat. xvii. Heft 1 & 2.) 8vo. Jena, 1902.

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(Verb. vii. Intern. Geogr. Kongress, Berlin, 1899.)

8vo. Berlin, 1900.
Campagne Scientifique de la Princesse- Alice en 1901.

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LINNBAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 7 1

RoMnson (William), The English Flower- Garden, Style, Position,
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72

PUOCEEDINGS OF THE

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74 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

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UNJfEAN SOCIETY OF LONDOX. 75

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76 PEOCEEDIXGS OF THE

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Index to North American Geology, Palaeontology, Petro-
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B. Daydon Jackson.
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8vo. Wien, 1895.

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LOXDOX. 77

Wiesner (Julius). Uutersuchungen iiber die mechanische Wirk-
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Die Beziehuiigen der Pflanzeuphysiologie zu den anderen

Wissenscbafteu. Inaugunitiousrede gehalteu am 24. October,
1898. Pp. 48. 8vo. Wien, 1898.

Beitriige zur Kenntiuss des photoobeinisclien Klimas im

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mathemat.-naturw. Classe, Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Bd. 67.)

4to. Wien, 1898.
Untersuchimgen iiber den Lichtgenuss der Pflanzeu im

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Wildeman (Emile de). Les Algues de la Flore de Buitenzorg.
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Plantae Laurentiauae, ou Enumeration des Plantes recoltees

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Wiltshire (E. W.). The Life and Work of the Rev. Thos.
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Wiltshire {Rev. Thomas). The Life and Work of. See Wiltshire
(E. W.).

Witchell (Charles A.). The Evolution of Bird-Song, with Ob-
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"Wittrock (Veit Brecher), Nordstedt (C. F. Otto), and Lagerheim
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quas adjectis Chlorophyllaceis et Phycochromaeeis distribuerunt.
Fasc. 30-34 (u : ris 1401-1612). Lund^e 19 105 03. Pp. 9.
(Boc. Not. 1903.) Svo. Z«m?, 1903. C. F. A. Nordstedt.

Wollaston (Thomas Vernon). On the Variation of Species, with
special reference to the Insecta : followed by an inquiry into
the Nature of Genera. Pp. vi, 206. Svo. London, 1856.

J. C. Galton.

Wood (John George). See Waterton (Charles). Wanderings
in South America.

Wood (Julius John). Plants of Chutia Xagpur, including Jaspur
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vol. ii. no. 1.) Svo. Calcutta, 1902.

Woodward (Bernard Barham). Vitrea Rogersi, n. sp. A British
form hitherto misidentified with Helix glabra, Studer, and
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X.) Svo. London, 1903. Author.

78 PROCEEDINGS OE THE

2alilbruckner (Alexander). Studien iiber brasilianische Flechten.

Pp. 76, mit 2 Tafeln. (S.B. K. Akad. Wiss., mathem.-naturw.

Classe, Bd. Ill, Abth. 1.) 8vo. Wien, 1902. Author.

Zimmer (Carl). Cumaceen. /SVe Hamburger Magalhaensische

Sammelreise.
Zoological Record. Vol. 38 (1901). Svo. London, 1902.

Zurich.

Botanischer Garten und das botanische Museum der Univer-
sitat, Zurich.
Die morphologisch-biologische Anlage und das System des
botanischen Gartens in Ziirich, von Dr. Hans Schinz.

Svo. Zurich, 1899.

Der botanische Garten und das botanische Museum der

Universitat, Ziirich, im Jahre 1901, 1902. Von Dr. Hans

SCHINZ. 8vo. Zurich, 1902-1903.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDOX. 79

DOXATIOX IX AID OF PUBLICATIOXS.

1903. £ s. <L

Feb. 14. The Eoyal Society. Contribiition towards
Dr. Elliot Smith's Paper : " On the Mor-
phology of the Brain in the Mammals, &c."
(Trans. 2nd ser. Zool. vol. viii. pt. 10.) . . 50

LEGACY.

1903. £ s. d.

April 30. Sir Prior Goldxey. Legacy from the late

Dr. E. C. A. Prior .' . 100

il

INDEX TO THE PROCEEDINGS.

SESSION 1902-1903.

Note. — The following are not indexed : — The name of the Chairman at each meeting ;
speakers whose remarks are not reported ; and passing allusions.

Abstracts of Papers, 42-48.
Accounts, 13; — presented (Stebbing), 1 2 .
Additions to Library, 50-78.
Address, President's, 16-25.
JEschynanthiis, seeds shown (Wright),

41-
Alcock, A. W., admitted, 2 ; elected, i.
Alkaloid from Gelsemimn, 39.
Alkin, Eev. T. V., elected, 2.
Alternate leaves from opposite (Groom),

40 ; — abstract, 48.
AmmopMla hirsuta, provision of Spiders

in its nest (Stebbing), 8.
Ampbipoda, new type (Hansen), 1 1 ;— of

' Southern Cross ' Antarctic Expedi-
tion (Walker), 3.
Anatomy of leaves of British Grasses

(Lewton-Brain), 41.
• of Pig- footed Bandicoot {Choeropus

castanotis) (Parsons), 9.
Antarctic Expedition, Ampbipoda

(Walker), 3.
Anw'opus hranchiatus (Hansen), 3.
Arber, E. A. N., elected, 39 ; mor-
phology of fruits and flowers of

Xylosteum, 3.
Asparagus, fasciated stem shown

(Middleton), 2.
Associate, deceased, 14.
Australasian Association, Meeting at

Dunedin (Hocken), 39.
Australian Marsupialia, evolution

(Bensley), 12.
Automatic movements in Desmodium

gi/rans (Bose), 7.

Bain, J., deceased, 14; obituary, 26.
Baker, J. G., Scrutineer, 14.
Bamboo-joint with lining of I'oi?/-
2Jorus anihelmtntieus, 40.

Bandicoot, Pig-footed, its anatomy
(Parsons), 9.

Bannerman, W. B., resigned, 14.

Bartlett, A. W., elected, 40.

Barton, E. S. (Mrs. Gepp), Marine
Algse from Maldive and Laccadive
Islands, 10.

Bastian, H. C, Vaucheria resting-
spores, 1 1 .

Bathynomus giganteits (Hansen), 3.

Bensley, B. A., evolution and relation-
ships of Australian Marsupialia, 12.

Bipolarity (Walker), 3.

Boodle, L. A., stelar structure of
Schizaa and other ferns, 2 ; — abstract,

Bose, J. C, electric pulsation with
automatic movements in Desmodium
gyrans, 7.

Bostock, E., deceased, 12.

Bourne, G. C, new and rare Corals
from Funafuti, 3.

Bowles, E. A., admitted, i.

Brain, see Lewton-Brain.

Brandis, Sir D., Gelsemium shown, 39.

British Composites, drawings shown
(Williams), 39 ; — Grasses, leaf-ana-
tomy (Lewton-Brain), 41 ; — larvae,
drawings shown (Standish), 3.

Bull, W., deceased, 12; obituary, 27.

BuUen, Eev. E. A., elected Councillor,

Burbidge, F. W., resigned, 14.
Burma, bamboo and Gelsemium from,
39-

Calcutta, Indian Phalangida in Museum

of (With), 3.
Cardamine chenopodifolia, its amphi-

carpic fruit (Wrigbt), 6.

INDEX.

8i

Carex Tohnici (Clarke), 3.
Carnivorous slug shown (Saunders),

II.
Carruthers, W., Councillor removed,

15-
Carus, Dr. J. V., deceased, 14 ; obituary,

28.
Ceraf aphis lafanm (Embleton), 7.
Ceylon Patanas, their flora (Parkin &

Pearson), g.
Characinidse, their visceral anatomy

(Ro^vntree), 9.
Charter, Supplementary, Special

General Meeting, 3 ; — changes in, 5.
Chile, journey in (Elwes), i.
Chinese plants, new (Dunn), 41.
Chodat, R., Polygala named by, 2.
Choeropus ca&tanotis, its anatomy

(Parsons), 9.
Clarke, C. B., Auditor, 11; Carex

Tolmiei, 7 ; elected Councillor, 15 ;

nominated V.-P., 39 ; Primula vul-
garis, Tar. Chloe, shown, 41.
Clayton, John, elected, 40 ; record of

Cowthorpe Oak, mentioned, 41 ;

photographs of Cowthorpe Oak,

6,7.

Colomb, Col. Gr., branch of thorn in-
fested by larvte, 40.

Compositffi, drawings shown (Williams),

39-
Comys infelix, Embl., its anatomy and

development (Eiubleton), 40.
Cooke, Dr. M. C, Linneau Medal

awarded to, 25.
Cooper, E. F., resigned, 14.
Copepoda from Faroe Channel (Scott,

T.). 3.
Calanoida from Fai'oe Channel

(?^ornian), 12.
Corals, new and rare from Funafuti

(Bourne), 3.
Corrie, L. G., elected, 2.
Corypha data, photo shown (Waby),

41.
Cotton, A. D., admitted, 3 ; elected, 2.
Council elected, 15.
Councillors removed, 15.
Cowslip, presumed hybrid shown

(Clarke), 41.
Cowthorpe Oak in 1902, drawing

shown (Ogilvie), 41.
Cr6pin, F., deceased, 14 ; obituary,

28.
Crisp, F., nominated V.-P., 39 ; recapi-
tulation of steps for proposed

Supplementary Charter, 4; re-elected

Treasurer, 15.
Cryer, J., discovered locality of Polygala,

2.
Cumiingham, R. O., resigned, 14.

I.1>'N. SOC, PEOCEEDINGS. — SESSION

Cyatheace;T?, anatomy of (Vaughan)^-
10.

Davidia involucrata, germination of

(Hemsley), 41.
Davy, J. B., admitted, 9 ; elected, 7.
Dennis, W., elected, 11.
Desmodium gyrans, electric pulsation

with automatic movement in (Bose),

7-
Digestion in plants (Vines), 2,
Diptera, labial and maxillary palpi in

(Wesche), 11.
Donations, 79.
Druce, G. C, Poa lajca and P. stricta,

9-
Druce, H., Councillor removed, 15.
Ductus pneumaticus in Physostomi

(Rowntree), 9.
Dunediu, Meeting of Australasian

Association (Hocken), 39.
Dunn, S. T., new Chinese plants, 41.
Dyer, SirW. T. Thiselton-, amphicarpic

fruits shown for, 6.

Election of Council, 15; — Officers,

15-

Electric pulsation with automatic
movements in Desmodium gyrans
(Bose), 7.

Elwes, H. J., Natural History Journey
in Chile, i.

Embleton, Miss A. L., Comys infelix,

40 ; Cerataphis latanics, 7.
Erysiphaceie, specialization of para-
sitism in (Salmon), 7.

Essential oils in economy of plant-
life (Henderson), 7 ; — abstract, 46.

Eustace, G. W., admitted, 40 ; elected,
39 ; rudimentiiry horns in the Horse

41 ; — abstract, 48.

Evolution of Australian Marsupialia
(Bensley), 12.

Farmer, Prof. J. B., elected Councillor,
15 ; nominated V.-P., 39.

Faroe Channel, Copepoda from (Nor-
man), 12; (Scott, T.), 3.

Fasciated stem of Asparagus shown
(Middleton), 2.

Fellows deceased, 12; withdrawn, 14.

Ferns, stelnr structure of (Boodle), 2.

Fookes, G. J., resigned, 14.

Foreign Members deceased, 14.

Freshwater plankton, Scotland (Wests),
41 ; — Rhizopods and their Classifica-
tion (West), II.

Fritsch, F. E., admitted, 12; elected, 7.

Fruits, fossil (Reid), 9.

Fimafuti. new and rare Corals from
(Bourne), 3.

1902-1903. ff

82

IKDEX.

Gardiner, J. S., Marine Alga; collected
from Maldive and Laccadive Islands,

lO.

Gelsemimnelegans shown (Brandis), 39 ;

— sempervirens mentioned, 39.
General Secretary, see Jackson, B. D.
Georgetown, Guiana, Coryflia data at

(Wabj), 41.
Gepp, A. , communication by (Mrs. Gepp),

10.
Gepp, Mrs. A., Marine Alg£e from

Maldive and Laccadive Islands, coll.

by J. S. Gardiner, 10.
Gerard, Eev. J., Polygala specimens

exhibited, 2 ; proliferous Geuiii rivale

from Stonyhnrst, shown, 41.
Germination of Davidia (Hemsley), 41.
Geu-M rivale, proliferous, 2, 6 ; from

Stonyhurst (Gerard), 41 ; proliferous

specimens shown (Jackson), 6.
Goldney, Sir P., volume of portraits

compiled by Dr. Prior, presented,

41.
Grant, F. E., elected, 3.
Green, J. E., seconded Eev. T. E. E.

Stebbing's motion re Charter, 4.
Grierson, G. A., resigned, 14.
Groom, P., opposite and alternate

leaves, 40 ; — abstract, 48.
Grove, A., admitted, 7 ; elected, 4.
Groves, H., application of Dr. IPrior's

legacy, 12. • _

Groves, J., suggestion for adjourning

alterations, 4.
Groves, J. W., deceased, 12.
Gwynne-Yaughau, D. T., anatomy of

Cyatheacete, lo ; — abstract, 47.

Hall, E., elected, 7.

Hansen, H. J., Bcdhynomus giganteics,

3 ; communication by (With), 3 ;

deep-sea Isopod A/iurupus branchia-

tus, 3 ; Ingolfiellidie, new type of

Amphipoda, 1 1.
Harting, J. E., removal from Society's

rooms, 12.
Havilland, H. de B. de, admitted, 4.
Heinig, E. L., elected, 2.
Helenium autumnale, virescent flowers

(Worsdell), 2.
Hemsley, W. B., Councillor removed,

15 ; germination of Davidia, 41.
Henderson, G., abstracts, 45, 46 ; effects

of leguminous cropping noticed by

Virgil, 3; essential oils and economy

of plant-life, 7; sketch of leaf of
. Quercus incana and slugs, shown,

II.
Henley, virescent flowers of Hdenium

from, shown, 2.

Hieracia, drawings shown (Williams),

39-
Hill, T. G., admitted, 12.
Histogenesis, its relation to tissue

morphology (Tansley), 2.
Hobkirk, C. C. P., deceased, 12 ;

obituary, 30.
Hocken, Dr. T. M., on Australasian

Association meeting at Dunedin, 39.
HojDson, M. F., admitted, 39 ; elected,

11.
Horns, rudimentary, in the Horse

(Eustace), 41 ; — abstract, 48.
Horse, rudimentary horns (Eustace),

41 ; — abstract, 48.
Howes, G. B.. communication by

(Bensley), 12 ; (Embleton), 7; (Smith),

9; re-elected Secretary, 15.
Hunnybun, E. W., drawings of British

Plants shown (W^illiams), 39.
Hybrid between Primrose and Cowslip

(Clarke), 41.
Hyde Park, thorns injured by larvJE,

40.
Hypecoum, seeds of fossil (Eeid), 9.

Indian Phalangidje in Calcutta Museum
(With), 3.

Tngolfiellidte (Hansen), 11.

Interchange of Linnean specimens be-
tween Sir J. Banks and Sir J. E.
Smith (Jackson), 10.

Interglacial plants, drawings by Mrs.
Eeid, 9.

Isopod, deep-sea, Anuropus hranchiaiiis
(Hansen), 3.

Jackson, B. Daydon, exhibition of pro-
liferous Geum rivale, 6 ; General
Secretary, 1 6 ; Linnean specimens in
Banksian herbarium, 10.

Jennings, A. v., deceased, 12; obituary,

31-
Jones, K. H., resigned, 14.

Kerr, J. G., elected, 3.
Kowalevsky, A., obituary, 32.

Labial and maxillary palpi in Diptera
(Wesche), 11.

Lagc7iosfoma, model of seed shown
(Smedley), 2, 6.

Larvaj, British, drawings shown (Stan-
dish), 3 ; destructive to thorns, 40.

Laver, H., resigned, 14.

Leaf-anatomy of British Grasses (Lew-
ton-Brain), 41.

Le Doux, C. A., resigned, 14.

Leake, II. M., elected, 2.

INDEX.

83

Leaves, change from opposite to al-
ternate arrangement (G-room), 40 ; —
abstract, 41.

Lccaniuiii hemlspharicum, the host of
Comi/s (Embletou), 40.

Legacy (Prior), 12.

Lemurs, JSJotes on (Smith), 9.

Lewis, E. J., admitted, 2.

Lewton-Brain, L., elected, 10 ; leaves
of British Gi-asses, 41,

Librarian's Eeport, 14.

Library, Additions, 50-78.

Linnffius, C, annotations on Siren
(Middleton), i ; letter to P. Miller,

39-
Linuean Medal awarded to Dr. M. C.

Cooke, 25.
Long Preston and Settle, Geum rivale

from (Gerard), 2.
Lonkcra, morphology of fruits and

flowers of Xylosteum § (Arber), 3.
Lowe, Di-. J., resigned, 14.

Mann, H. H., elected, 2.

Maries, C, deceased, 12 ; obituary, 34.

Marine Algre collected by Mr. J. S.

Gardiner at Maldive and Laccadive

Islands (Gepp), 10.
Marsupialia, Australian, evolution and

relationships of (Bensley), 12.
Massee, G., communication by (Wesch6),

11; fungus in bamboo, identified by,

40.
Masters, Dr. M. T., vote of thanks for

Address, 25.
MaxiUary Palpi in Diptera (Wesche),

II.
McClure, Rev. E., resigned, 14.
McCorquodale, W. J. H., deceased, 12.
McNair, Major J. F. A., resigned, 14.
Medal, Liunean, awarded to Dr. M. 0.

Cooke, 25.
Middleton, R. M., letter of Linnrcus to

Miller, shown, 39 ; Linnaius's dis-
sertation on 8ire7i laceriina shown, 1 ;

Scrutineer, 15 ; showed fasciated stem

of Asparagus, 2.
Miller, P., letter from Linnteus, 39.
Models of seeds shown (Sinedleyj, 2.
Molineux, A., resigned, 14.
Monckton, H. W., Auditor, 11,
Morphology of flowers and fruits of

Xylosteum § of Lonicera (Arber), 3.
, relation of histogenesis to tissue

(Tansley), 2 ; — abstract, 43.
Muir, J. J., deceased, 12.
Mycelium in bamboo a«d elder, 40.

jS'cw Zealand, meeting of Australasian
Association (Hocken), 39.

Norman, Rev. Canon, Copcpoda from

Faroe Channel, 12.
Notices of deceased Fellows, 26-39.

Oak, Cowthorpe, in 1902 (Ogilvie), 41.

Obituary notices, 26-39.

Oilicers elected, 15.

Ogilvie, F. D., drawing of the Cowthorpe

Oak in 1902, shown, 41.
Oke, A. W., admitted, 3 ; elected, 2.
Oliver, F. W., Stcphanospermum, 6.
Opposite leaves changed to alternate

(Groom), 40 ; — abstract, 48.

Packi/tesfa, wax model of section,

(Smedley), 6.
Palpi, labial and maxillary, in Diptera

(Wesche), 11.
Papers, abstracts of, 42-48.
Parasite of Lecanium honisp/icBricum

(Embleton), 40.
Parasitism, its specialization iu Ery-

siphaceEe (Salmon), 7.
Parkin, J., admitted, 2.
Parkin, J., & Pearson, H. H. W., Ceylo«a

Patanas, 9.
Parsons, F. G., anatomy of Pig-footed

Bandicoot {Chcempus castanotis), 9.
Patanas, Ceylon (Parkin & Pearson), 9.
Pearson, H. H. W. {sec Parkin &

Pearson).
Pclopoeus sptrifcx, provision of Spiders

in its nest (Stebbing), 8, 9.
PhalangidcT, Indian, in Calcutta Mu-
seum (With), 3.
Physostomi, Ductus pneumaticns in

(Rowntree), 9.
Pig-footed Bandicoot, anatomy of

(Parsons), 9.
Pinches, J., drawings sent for exhibition,

3-

Plankton, Scottish Freshwater (Wests),

Plant-life, essential oils iu the economy

of (Henderson), 7.
Plants, digestion in (Tines), 2.
Playfair, D. T., resigned, 14.
Foa laxa (Druce), 9.
— striata (Druce), 9.
Polygala amarella, specimen collected

by Mr. Rotheray, shown (Gerard), 2.
Pol//2}orus anthdmintlcus, Berk., in

bamboo, 40.
Pompilus providing Spiders for its

young (Stebbing), 8,
Portraits presentetl by Sir P. Goldney,

Prcglacial plants, drawings by Mrs.
Reid, 9.

84

IXDEX.

President, abstract of paper, 42 ; re-
elected, 15.

Presidential Address, 16-25.

Primrose, new variety or hybrid shown
(Clarke), 41.

Primula vulgaris, var. Chloc, shown
(Clarke), 41.

Prior, Dr. E. C. A., deceased, 12; legacy,
12; obituary, 35; volume ofportraits
compiled by, presented, 40.

Qucrcvs incanu, sketch of leaf of,
(Hendei-son), 11.

Rabbits, W. L., resigned, 14.
Refertilization of soil (Virgil), 3.
Eeid, C, drawings of Preglacial and

Interglacial plants by Mrs. Eeid, 9.
Relation of histogenesis to tissue

morphology (Tansley), 2.
Relationships of Marsupials (Bensley),

12.
Report of Librarian, 14.
Resting-spores of Vaucheria (Bastian),

II.
Rhizopods, Freshwater, their classifi-

fication (West), 11.
Eidewood, Dr, W. Gr., elected Councillor,

Rotheray, L., specimen of Polpgala col-
lected by, a ; and of Gcum rivale, 2.

Rowntvee, W. S., Ductus pneumaticus
in Physostomi, 9 ; Visceral Anatomy
of Characinidfe, 9.

Salmon, E. S., specialization of para-
sitism in Erysiphace^e, 7.

iSambucus nigra, mycelium found in its
pith, 40.

Saunders, C. J., collected spiders and
wasps shown by Rev. T. R, R, Steb-
bing, 7.

Saunders, G. S., Auditor, 11 ; living
carnivorous slugs {Tcstacella halio-
ti(lca) shown, 11.

Schicaa and other Ferns, their stelar
structure (Boodle), 2.

Scott, A., elected Associate, 4.

Scott, D. H., communication by
(Gwynne-Vaughanj, 10 ; re-elected
Secretary, 15.

Scott, T., Copepoda from Faroe Chan-
nel, 3,

Scottish Freshwater plankton (Wests),

Secretaries, re-elected, 15.

Seeds, drawings of British fossil

(Reid), 9 ; models shown (Smedley),

2 ; oi Mschynanthus sho\ra (Wright),

41-
Seward, A. C, communication by

(Arber), 3 , elected Councillor, 15.

Sharp, D., communication by (Emble-

tonj, 40.
Shelley, Sir C, deceased, 12.
Siren lacertina, Linnseus's dissertation,

shown, I.
Sladen, Mrs., donor of portrait of her

late husband, 41.
Sladen, W. P., portrait presented by

widow, 41.
Slug, carnivorous, shown (Saunders),

II.
Smales, Mr., Gelsemium collected by,

39-

Smedley, H. E. H., models of seeds
shown, 2, 6.

Smith, Q. E., notes on Lemurs, 9.

Smith, G. W, elected, 7,

Soil, effect of leguminous crops (Hen-
derson), 3.

Southworth, W., admitted, 4 ; elected,
I.

Sparrow stated to destroy Zeuzera
jExuU. 40.

Special General Meeting for Supple-
mentary Charter, 3.

Specialization of parasitism in Erysi-
phaceiE (Salmon), 7.

Standish, J., drawings of British larvre
shown, 3.

Stebbing, Rev. T. R. R., Auditor, 11 ;
Councillor removed, 15 ; moved
authorization for Council to obtain
Supplementary Charter, 4 ; presen-
tation of portrait of the late W. P.
Sladen, 41 ; presented Treasurer's
accounts, 12 ; Spiders and Wasps
from Singapore (Saunders), 7.

Stelar structure of Sckiccea and other
ferns (Boodle), 2.

Stephanospermu77i (Oliver), 6.

alcenioides, model of seed shown

(Smedley), 2, 6.

Stonyhurst, proliferous Geuni rivale
from (Gerard), 41.

Structure, stelar, of Bchizcea and other
ferns (Boodle), 2.

Supplementary Charter, changes in, 5 ;
— Special General Meeting, 3.

Tansley, A. G., Councillor removed,
1 5 ; relation of histogenesis to tissue
niorphologj-, 2; — abstract, 43.

Testacella kaliotidca shown (Saunders),
II.

Tharaundi Forests, Burma, bamboo
from, 40.

Thi«elt-on-Dyer, Sir W. T., see Tiyer.

Thomas, D., elected, 4.0.

Thompson, J. S., elected, 11.

Thorns, Mr., thorns injured by larvae, 40.

Tissue morphology, relation of Histo-
genesis to (Tansley), 7 ; — abstract, 43.

IKDEX.

85

Topp, C, resigned. 14.

Tvrrci/a, wax model of section, shown,
(Smedley), 6.

Treasurer, re-elected (Crisp), 1 5 ; pre-
sentation to Society, i ; virescent
llowers of Helcnium, 2.

Treasurer's Accounts, 13 ; presented,
12.

Trifolium ■polynwrphum, amphicarpic
fruit (Wright), 6.

J'afwA^'rz'a resting-spores (Bastian), 11.
Vaughan, sec Gwynne-Yaughan,
Vice-Presidents nominated, 39.
Vicia ampldcarpa, its amphicarpic fruit

(Wright), 6.
Vines, Prof. S. H., digestion in plants,

2; re-elected President, 15.
Virescent flowers of Hchiiium slwwn, 2.
Virgil, effects of leguminous crops on

soil, noticed by (Henderson), 3.
Visceral anatomy of Characinidre

(Rowntree), 9.

Waby, J., photo of Corypha data

shown, 4.1.
Wakefield, C. M., deceased, 12.
Walker, A. O., Amphipoda of ' Southern

Cross ' Antarctic Expedition, and Bi-

polarity, 3 ; nominated V.-P., 39.
Wells, H. T., portrait of W. P. Sladen

painted by, presented, 41.
Wesche, W., labial and maxillary palpi

in Diptera, 1 1 .

West, Q. S., Freshwater Rhizopods and
their Classification, 11.

■ -, f^rr West, W., & G. S. West.

West, W., presentation of Mr. Clayton's
pliotographs, 7.

West. W., & G. S. West, Scottish Fresh-
water plankton, 41.

Williams, F. N., drawings of Britisli
plants shown, 39 ; thanks for Presi-
dent's Address, 25.

Wiltshire, Rev. T., deceased, 12 ;
obituary, 37.

With, C, Indian Phalangidae in Mu-
seum at Calcutta, 3.

Wood Leopard Moth, injurious to
thorns, 40.

Worsdell, W. 0., virescent flowers of
Hdcnium, 2.

Wright, C. II., amphicarpic fruits of
Cardamine chxniopodifolia, TrifuUum
folymurphum, and Vicia amphicarpa,
6 ; new Chinese plants, 41 ; seeds of
JEixhynanthus, 41.

Xylosteum section of Loniccra, mor-
jjhology of its fruits and flowers
(Arber), 3.

Zamia, wax model of section (Smedley),

Zeusera MscuU, larva: destructive to
thorns, 40.

LlN-y. SOC. PKOCEKDIXGS. — SESSlOIf 1902-1903.

PKIXTED BY TAYIOK AND FEANCIS,
KED LION' fJUIIRT, FLEET STUEET.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

LINNExiN SOCIETY OF LONDON.

116th session

From November 1903 to June 1904.

L is^ D N :

PRINTED FOR THE LINNEAN SOCIETY^

BUELIXGTON HOUSE, PICCADILLY, W.,

1904.

PRINTED BY TAYLOE AND FRANCIS,
RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

s5 o(y ' t>

/ P

CONTENTS.

Page

List of Publications issued iv

Proceedings of the 116th Session i

President's Address 17

Obituaries 31

Abstracts of Papers and Exhibitions 41

Additions to the Library 43

Donations 68

Index 69

Ay^V'O^^

IV

Publications of tte Society issued during the period, 1st July,
1903, to 31st July, 1904 :—

Journal (Botany), No. 247, 31st Oct., 1903.

No. 248, 5tli May, 1904.

„ 252, 31st Oct., 1903.

„ 253, 31st March, 1904.

„ 254, 25th July, 1904.

„ (Zoology), No. 188, 31st Oct., 1903.

„ 189, 31st March, 1904.

Transactions (2nd Ser. Botany), Yol. YI. Part yii., Peh. 1904.

„ Tin., Mar. 1904.

„ IX., June 1904.

(2nd Ser. Zoology), Yol. Ylll.Part xiii., Dec. 1903.

Yol. IX. „ III., Dec. 1903.

IT., Eeb. 1904.

„ Y., June 1904.

Ti., July 1904.

Proceedings, 115th Session, 1902-1903, October 1903.

List of [Pellows, Associates, and Foreign Members], 1903-1904

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.

(OXE HUNDRED AXD SIXTEENTH SESSION, 1903-1904.)

November 5th, 1903.
Prof. Sydney H. Vines, F.R.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Mr. Thomas Archibald Sprague was elected, and Mr. William
Dennis and Mr. Bertram Henry Bentiey were admitted Fellows
of the Society.

Dr. W. G-. EiDEWooD exhibited the frontal bones of a Horse
showing rudimentary horns, for the loan of which he was indebted
to Mr. Arthur Broad, a veterinary surgeon of Shepherd's Bush.
There was no record as to the breed, sex, or age of the horse.
The bony protuberances were about 3 inches apart, and were set
upon the curved ridges that constituted the auterior margins of the
areas of origin of the temporal muscles. In the natural sloping
position of the head in the living horse they would have been
vertically above the orbits. The bases were broad and spreading,
and the left boss was larger than the right ; it stood about half an
inch above the general surface of the frontal bone, and its flattened
extremity was oval and measured | inch by | inch. There was a
general but slight tendency to exostosis over the right temporal
area. Dr. Eidewood pointed out that the exceptional cases of
horny bosses occurring in horses could hardly be regarded as
instances of reversion, as had been done at the previous meeting

LIXN. SOC. PROCEEDINGS. — SESSION 1903-1904. 6

2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

of the Society by Dr. Eustace ; for the palseontologieal record of
the evolution of the horse is remarkably complete, and no indi-
cations of horns are to be found in the extinct congeners of the
modern equines. (Mr. Broad has since presented the specimen
to the Natural History Museum.)

Professor Weiss exhibited some preparations and photographs
of a mycorhiza or mycorhizome from the Coal-measures. The
preparations were in part from the Cash Collection at the Owens
College, Manchester, and in part from Dr. Scott's private col-
lection. They showed the existence in a small root-like organ of
fungal filaments presenting all the appearances of those found in
the roots of many orchids and in the rhizome of Psilotum. In the
outer layers of the cortex the hyphse run along the inside of the
cell- walls and form smaller and larger vesicles in some of the cells,
comparable with those found in the mycorhiza of lixiug plants.
In the deeper layers of the cortex the contents of the cells are
collected into a central dark mass connected with the cell-walls by
delicate strands some of \^'hich are clearly fungal hyphse. These
masses very closely resemble those described by Shibata in the
mycorhiza of Orchids. Small bodies similar to the "sporangioles"
described by Janse are also met with occasionally. From the
occurrence of these various stages Professor Weiss was inclined
to infer that a symbiotic relationship existed between the fungus
and the host-plant similar to that of an existing mycorhiza.
With regard to the plant in which the fungus occurred, he was
inclined to think that it might have been epiphytic, a view which
would be supported by the absence of large air-spaces such as are
found in the young roots of Calamites and in the rootlets of
Stif/maria.

A discussion followed in which Dr. Percv Groom, Dr. D. H.
Scott, Mr. W. C. Worsdell, and Prof. P. W. Oliver took part,
Prof. Weiss briefly replying.

Mr. B. H. Bentley exhibited a large series of lantern-slides,
designed for teaching purposes, which he had taken, illustrating
certain types of floral pollination, and bees and other insects in
actual operation.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On the Structure of the Leaves of the Bracken (Pteris
aquilina) in relation to Environment." Bv Leonard A. Boodle,
F.L.S.

2. " On the Life-history of a New Monoplihhus from India, with
a Note on that of a Vcdalia predaceous upon it ; with remarks on
the Monophlebinte of the Indian Eegioii." Bv E. P. Stebbing,
F.L.S.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON". 3

November 19th, 1903.

Prof. Sydney H. Vines, F.K.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Mr. Thomas Archibald Sprague was admitted a Fellow of the
Society.

The Eev. John GtBUaud, S.J., F.L.S., exhibited a fasciated rose,
sent by the Eev. J. Dobson, of St. Ignatius's College, St. Julian,
Malta, with this note: — "A freak of a white climbing rose, in
which eight or nine blossoms with their stalks have grown to-
gether. It was given me by the Director of Education from a
rose-tree in his garden. He says there is nothing in the position
of the bush to account for the peculiarity."

Dr. M. T. Masters observed that we are in complete ignorance
of the causes which produce these peculiar teratologic cases.

The Eev. E. Ashington Bullen, F.L.S., brought for exhibition
an albino mole, from a farm near Bagshot : it was wholly of a light
fawn colour, and no similar specimen had been seen there for at
least twenty years, though many moles have been trapped on the
same farm.

Mr. A. D. Michael stated that he had been in the habit of
investigating moles' nests for his researches on mites, but nothing
of this kind had ever come under his notice.

The following papers were read : —

1. "A General View of the Genus Pinus." By Dr. M, T.
Masters, F.E.S., F.L.S.

2. " Contributions to the Embryology of the Amentifei'se. — Part
II. Carpinus Betiihis." By Miss Margaret Benson, D.Sc. , and Miss
Elizabeth Sanday, B.Sc. (Communicated by Prof. F. Wall Oliver.)

December 3rd, 1903.

Prof. J. Bbetland Farmer, F.E.S., N'ice-President,
in the Chair.

1'he Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Mr. William Norwood Cheeseman, Mr. WilUam Clitheroe, Mr.
Ernest Jacob Collins, Mr. Frederick Hamilton Davey, Mr. William
Foggitt, Mr. Montague Hill, Mr. John Edmund Shorec Moore, and
Mr. Eobert Walter Campbell Shelford were elected Fellows of the
Society.

The Vice-President in the Chair then declared the Meeting to

62

4 PBOCEEDINGS OF THE

be a Special Meeting, in accordance with the announcement sent
to every Fellow in the United Kingdom, for electing a Councillor,
and Secretary for Zoology, in the room of Professor George Bond
Howes, resigned, and stated that the Ballot would remain open
till 8.30 P.M. for the Councillor, and till 8.45 p.m. for the
Secretary.

The Ballot for the Couucillor having been closed, the Vice-
President in the Chair appointed Messrs. A. G. Tansley, H. W.
Monckton, and V. H. Blackman, Scrutineers ; and the Votes having
been counted and reported to the Vice-President in the Chair, he
declared that the Eev. Thomas Eosgoe Eede Stebbing had been
elected Councillor by a large Majority.

The Ballot for the Secretary having been closed, the Vice-
President in the Chair appointed the same Scrutineers, and the
Votes having been counted and reported to the Vice-President in
the Chair, he declared that the Eev. T. E. E. Stebbing had been
unanimously elected Secretary for Zoology.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On the Anatomy of the Eoots of Palms." By Eric Drabble,
D.Sc, P.L.S.

2. " On Littoral Polychseta from the Cape of Good Hope." By
Dr. Arthur Willey, F.E.S. (Communicated by Dr. W. G. Eide-
wood, F.L.S.)

3. " Notes on Myriactis Areschougii and Qoilodesme calif ornica."
By Miss Mary Eathbone. (Communicated by V. H. Blackman,
PiL.S.)

December 17th, 1903.

Prof. Sydney H. Vines, P.E.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Mr. Frank Cavers was elected, and Mr. William Clitheroe,
Mr. Ernest Jacob Collins, and Mr. Norman Maclaren were ad-
mitted Fellows of the Society.

The General Secretary exhibited a copy of a ' Lexicon generum
phanerogam arum,' by Tom von Post, revised and enlarged by Otto
Kuntze, which he had received from the author a few days before.
He gave a succinct account of the labours of Dr. Kuntze (from
the time he worked up his collections at Kew), in the matter of
nomenclature based solely upon priority, and set forth in this
volume by his colleague at Upsala. The introductory matter was
entirely due to Dr. Kuntze, who was also responsible for the
French and English versions ; besides the preface, were included
a ' Codex brevis maturus,' in which Dr. Kuntze postulated his
requirements as to names, spelling, and signs, and his ideas as to
the regulations for a Botanical Congress, with the class of persons

LINNEAN SOCIETY OE LONDON. 5

permitted to record their votes, but, naturally, without any power
to penalise those who decline to accept the suggested trammels.

The Eev. T. E, E. Stebbing, F.E.S., Sec.L.S., exhibited:—
(1) a House-spider {Te(jenana sp.) with its cylindrical dwelling
in the coiled feather of an Indian fan. The fan which the spider
adapted to its purposes had been hanging up in a drawing-room at
Jerusalem. The spider, forwarded by Miss Eitzjohn to Miss Grace
Stebbing, reached England alive. And (2) a solid gnaur or
excrescence upon the root of Cvpressus macrocarpa^ sent for
exhibition by Mr. E. G. Smart, E.L.S., of Tunbridge Wells; it
was eleven inches in circumference.

Prof. Peec'IVal remarked that such growths were commonly
due to the attack of a Uredine fungus, which resulted in an
hypertrophy of the tissues ; it was not infrequent in Piiius, but
more usual on the stem than the root.

A lantern demonstration was given by Prof. J. Bretland
Earmee, E.E.S., F.Z.S., entitled " A brief Account of New Ee-
searches in Cancer," in which he alluded to current theories of
cancerous growth, and then proceeded to state his own discovery
that the cytological changes in malignant growth resemble those
exhibited by sporogenous or gametogenous tissues in plants and
animals, in the occurrence of the form of nuclear division know
as heterotype, as distinguished from the more usual homotype
division.

An animated discussion followed, the following speakers taking
part :— Mr. J. T. Cunningham (visitor), Mr. J. E. S. Moore, Prof.
J. B. Earmer, Prof. E. O. Bower (who deprecated the use of
certain new terms), Dr. D. H. Scott, Sec.L.S., Eev. T. E.
E. Stebbing, Sec.L.S., Mr. Charles E. Walker (visitor), and was
summed up by tlie President.

The following paper was read : —

" On the Docoglossa : an evolutionary study." By Mr. H. J.
Eleure, B.Sc. (Communicated by Prof. W. A. Herdman, E.L.S.)

January 21st, 1904.
Prof. Sydney H. Vines, E.E.S., President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Mr. Leslie Beeching Hall and Mr. Charles Edward Walker
were elected, and Mr. Edward Percy Stebbing was admitted a
Eellow of the Society.

Dr. Eric Drabble, E.L.S. , exhibited a lantern-slide showing
diagrams of bicarpellary fruits of the Erench Beau. The specimens

6 PBOCEEDINGS OF THE

of Phaseolus vulgaris, Savi, were obtained from a garden on the
Middle Coal-measures of North Derbyshire. In the simplest case
there is present on the posterior aspect of the normal carpel a second
smaller carpel with reversed orientation and without seeds. In
other cases the second carpel attains to at least one-half the size
of the normal anterior one, and is fused with the latter proximally
in such a manner as to give rise to a unilocular fruit with parietal
placentation, the carpels being free from one another in their
distal portion. In other cases the two carpels are of approxi-
mately the same size and both bear seeds. They are completely
fused below to form a unilocular ovary, while above they divaricate
from one another.

It was pointed out that although the Leguminosse are typically
monocarpellary, certain members of the order are hi- or even
polycarpellary ; but in these cases the polycarpellary fruit is of an
apocarpous nature. It would appear, therefore, that the specimens
described in some sense revert to ancestral conditions in so far as
their bicarpellary nature is concerned, but that their syncarpous
nature is anomalous. Comparison with related orders, e. g. the
ConnaracesB, confirms this opinion.

The Eev. R. Ashington Bullen, F.L.S., exhibited a finely
preserved female specimen of the Northern Stone-Crab, Litliodes
inaia (Linn.), from Aberdeen, and called attention to the various
organisms securely settled upon its carapace. A discussion followed
on the characters, systematic position, and distribution of this
anomalous macruran, in which Professor Poultou, P.R.S.,
Mr. A. 0. Walker, V.P.L.S., and the Zoological Secretary took
part.

The following papers were read : —

1. " Biscayan Plankton. — Part I. Methods and Data." By
Dr. G. H. Fowler P.Z.S. (Communicated by the Eev. Thomas
E. E. Stebbing, Sec.L.Soc.)

2. " Biscayan Plankton. — Part II. Amphipoda and Cladocera. "
By the Eev. Thomas E. E. Stebbing, F.E.S., Sec.L.Soc.

February 4th, 1904.

Prof. Sydney H. Vines, F.E.S. , President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Mr. Leslie Beeching Hall Avas admitted a Fellow of the
Society.

Mr. Chaeles Edgar Salmon, F.L.S., exhibited two specimens
of Einlohium collinum, C. C. Gmel., from Scotland, with a series
of E. montanum and E. lanccolatum for comparison, and read the
following note : —

LINNEAN SOCIET? OF LONDON. 7

The two specimens of E. colUnum upou the table were found in
the Herbarium of the IJohnesdale Natural History Club, Reigate.
They were presented to the Club, with many other plants, by
Dr. J. A. Power, and the specimens are labelled " Scotland," but
are undated ; they were probably collected by Dr. Power about (50
years ago. E. collinum occupies au intermediate position between
E. moiitanum and E. laiiceolatum, and occurs in rocky places,
ascending to some height, in mauy parts of Europe. By some
botanists it is considered a variety of E. montanum, but Dr.
Haussknecht, the monographer of the genus, considers it a good
species. The only British species with which it may be compared
are montanum and lanceolatum ; from the former it differs by its
stalked, mostly alternate, leaves, cuneate at the base, and pale pink
flowers ; from lanceolatum (to which it seems nearest allied) by
its broader, ovate leaves and other characters.

E. collinum, as I saw it growing in the Pyrenees last summer,
seems to have a distinct habit of its own, and can be easily recog-
nized alive from both the above two species.

Eev. E. S. Marshall has seen these iScotch examples, and believes
them to be correctly named.

A discussion took place, in which the General Secretary,
Mr. James Groves, Mr. E. M. Middleton, and Prof. J. B. Farmer
took part, and Mr. C. E. Salmon replied.

The following papers were read : —

1. " Researches into the Physiology of the Yeast-Plant,
Saccharomyces Ccrevisiw.^' By the President.

2. " Further Researches on the Specialization of Parasitism in
the Erysiphacea;." By Ernest S. Salmon, F.L.S.

February 18th, 1904.

Prof. Sydney H. Vines, F.R.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Mr. Samuel Alexander Stewart was elected an Associate of the
Society.

Mr. L. T. Badams exhibited a folio guard-book containing a
large collection of West Australian flowers and vegetable products,
grouped for artistic effect, which had been prepared by a friend in
that colony.

The following papers were read : —

1. " Mendel's Laws and their application to Wheat-Hybrids."
By Mr. li. H. Bift'eu. (Connuunicated by the President.)

2. " Heredity and Variation as seen in Primula sinensis." By
Mr. W. Bateson, F.E.S. (Communicated by the President.)

o PBOCEEDINGS OF THE

March 3rd, 1904.

Prof. Sydney H. Vines, P.E.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Mr. George Herbert Powler, Rev. Henry Thomas Spuiford,
and Mr. James Hornell were elected Pellows of the Society.

Mr. L. A. Boodle, P.L.S., exhibited photographic lantern-slides
demonstrating the formation of secondary wood in certain regions
of the stem of Psilotum triqueirum. In parts of the rhizome
immediately below the aerial stems, and at the base of the aerial
stems themselves, tracheides occur, often in considerable numbers,
outside the primary wood. These external tracheides are found
to be still in course of development, as shown by the imperfect
lignification of their walls, at a time when the primary wood has
long been completed ; in some cases the external elements of the
wood further show a distinct radial arrangement. These stems
thus exhibit distinct remains of the secondary vascular tissues
characteristic of the Palaeozoic Sphenophyllales, with which on
various grounds there is reason to believe the Psilotacese to be
allied.

A discussion followed, in which Dr. D. H. Scott, Mr. C. B.
Clarke, and the President joined.

The following papers vvere read : —

1. " A List of the Cariccs of Malaya." By Charles Baron Clarke,
P.R.S., P.L.S.

2. " On some Species of the Genus Palcemon^ Fabr., from Tahiti,
Shanghai, New Guinea, and West Africa." By Dr. J. G. De Man.
(Communicated by the Rev. T. R. R. Stebbing, Sec.L.Soc.)

March 17th, 1904.

Prof. J. Bretland Faemee, F.R.S., Vice-President,
in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Mr. John Lewis Bonhote was elected a Fellow of the Society.

The Chairman announced that Mr. William Watson had
been duly elected an Associate, on the ISth February last, in
accordance with Bye-Laws, Chapter V., Section III., by a simple
majority of the Fellows voting.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 9

The Treasurer then read tlie section in question, pointing out
that it was thei-ein declared that only the Second, Third, and Fourth
Sections of Chapter I. applied to the election of Associates, and
the Fifth Section, requiring a two-thirds majority, was expressly
excluded.

The Rev. R. Ashington Bullen exhibited (1) the egg-capsule
of a Mantis found on a twig of wild Olive, while others occurred in
immense numbei's on blackberry and various shrubs at Brenes,
near Carmona, Spain, February 16th, 1904. Mr. W. F. Kirby
refers it to Mantis religiosa, Linn. ; it is figured in Brunner von
Wattenwyl's 'Prodromus der Europaischen Orthopteren,' pi. 2.
figs. 14 (A, female ; B, egg-capsule ; C, section of B), This author,
however, states that the species which he describes deposit their
capsules on stones ; so far as we observed, however, none were in
that position, but were placed on shrubs and bushes at the edge
of a precipice (barranca). The capsules obtaiued as above are less
elongated and more turgid than in the figures cited. Mr. W. L.
Distant is of opinion that the capsules vary in shape ; the number
of eggs contained is about 30.

(2) A photograph of a cat playing with a snake before killing it,
and calling to her kittens in a loud and peculiar way to come and
share in the sport ; it was snapped by Mr. George Bonsor in 1903,
in the jjrtito of his house in the Necropolis Eomana, Carmoua.

Mr. A. O. Walker brought a branch of Black Currant from
his garden near Maidstone, with the swollen buds indicative of the
destructive mite Erioj/hi/es rihis. A discussion followed, in which
the Chairman, Mr. A. D. Michael, Mr. N. E. Brown, and Mr. E. M.
Holmes took part, Mr. Walker replying.

The General Secretary, Mr. B. Daydon Jackson, then gave an
exhibition and lantern demonstration of " Botanic Illustration from
the 15th to the 20th Centuries," tracing its development from the
earliest herbals to the present time, with an account of the various
methods employed.

The following paper was read : —

" On Bryozoa from Franz-Josef Land." By Arthur William
Waters, F.L.S.

April 7th, 1904.
Prof. Sydney H. Vines, F.E.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the General Meeting of 17th March having been
read, their confirmation was opposed by Mr. George it. M.
Murray, on a point of order, that inasmuch as the election of
Mr. William Watson as an Associate was not declared at the
meeting of the 18th February, it could not be so declared at a

lO PROCEEDINGS OF THE

later meeting ; this being seconded by Mr. James Groves, led to
a prolonged discussion, in which Mr. A. O. Hume, Mr. Henry
Groves, Dr. A. tSmith Woodward, Eev. T. R. K. Stebbing,
Mr. G. S. Boulger, Mr. F. Crisp, Mr. Thomas Christy, Mr. E.
M. Holmes, Dr. D. H. Scott, Mr. Gilbert Christy, and Mr. J.
Britten, joined. By consent, the votiing by show of hands was
taken to be for or against confirmation of the Minutes ; those in
favour of confirmation 14, against 17 (one more being invalid),
out of 47 JFellows present. The Minutes were accordingly not
signed.

Dr. John Don Fisher Gilchrist, Mr. William Philip James
Le Brocq, and Mr. Charles Edward Pearson were elected, and the
Rev. Henry Thomas Spufford and Mr. John Lewis Bonhote were
admitted Fellows of the Society.

The President, on behalf of Prof. Isaac Batley Baleoue,
presented a Gold Medal recently struck in commemoration of his
father. Prof. John Hutton Balfour ; a special vote of thanks was
accorded by acclamation.

Sir Joseph Hookek forwarded for acceptance by the Society a
photograph of an etching by Mrs. Dawson Turner, from a drawing
by J. S. Cotman, of her husband, who was a Fellow of the Linnean
Society for fifty years (from 1797 to 1858). For this gift a special
vote of thanks was passed.

Mr. E. P. Stebbing exhibited lantern-slides of the metamorphoses
of Clania Crameri, a Psychid moth from the Madras Presidency,
showing its use of its food-plant, Casuarina eq^uisetifolia, in the
making of its protective case.

Mr, F. Enock displayed a series of more than fifty slides of
Natural Colour Photography of living insects and flowers by the
Sanger-Shepherd three-colour process ; the President adding a few
remarks on the results.

The following paper was read : —

"The Morphology and Anatomy of the Stem of the Genus
LycojJodium." By Charles Edward Jones, F.L.S.

April 21st, 1904.
Prof. Sydney H. Vines, F.E.S,, President, in the Chair

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.
The Pbesidenx then referred to the fact that the Minutes of the
Meeting on March 17 had not been approved at the Meeting on

L1NNEA.N SOCIETI OE LONDON. IT

A^jril 7, and read the statement of facts u])oii which he liad, on his
own initiative, submitted to the K,ight Hon. tSir Edwaixl Fry, P.O.,
F.E.S., F.L.S., for his opinion, the following questions : —

1. Was the Council correct in interpreting the Bye-Laws,
Chap. V. Sect. III., to mean that a simple majority, and not a
two-thirds vote, is all that is required for the valid election of au
Associate ?

"2. Assuming that the previous question is so answered as to
establish the validity of the election on I'ehruary 18, — is the validity
of that election materially affected by the fact that the election was
not declared at that Meeting and does not appear in the Minutes of
that Meeting?

3. Was the declaration of the Election made at the Meeting on
March 17 a valid declaration ; and is its validity impaired by the fact
that the Minutes of that Meeting, in which the declaration was
included, were not approved at the Meeting on April 7 ?

To these questions Sir Edward Fry replied at once to the
effect : — 1. That in his opinion the Council's reading of the Bye-
Laws in relation to the election of an Associate is correct, and that
clearly a bare majority only is required ; 2. That the validity of
the election on the 18th February was not materially affected by
the fact that the election was not declared at that Meeting nor
mentioned in the Minutes, nor is a declaration a vital pai*t of the
election under Chap. V. ; 3. That as the Charter charges the
Council with the direction of the business of the Society, it was
competent for that body to act as they did, and for the Chairman
with their approval to declare on the 17th March the result of the
election on the 18th February, which by an error had not been
declared at the proper time, and, under the circumstances, was a
proper step to take.

Upon this the President moved that the Minutes of the General
Meeting of the 17th March be approved and invited discussion, in
which Mr. Henry Groves, Prof. G. S. Bouiger, Sir Ernest Clarke,
Mr. S. Moore (who moved the previous question, which was not
seconded), and the Treasurer took part. On the motion being put
by show of hands, of the 64 Fellows present, 43 voted for the
motion, and 10 against: the Minutes were accordingly signed.
Mr. George Murray having contributed a few remarks, the President
moved a vote of thanks to Sir Edward Fry, whose opinion had been
of so much assistance in clearing up the legal points involved,
which vote was carried by acclamation.

Mr. John Hopkinson then moved, and Mr. E. Morton Middle-
ton seconded, a vote of thanks to the President for the care and
trouble he had taken in the matter, which was unanimously passed ;
and the President having briefly returned thanks, the incident
closed.

12 PKOCEEDINGS Of THE

Mr. Philip i'urley I'y'^on and Mr. Robert Selby Hole were
elected, and Dr. George Herbert Fowler, Mr. William Philip James
Le Brocq, and Mr. Charles Edward Pearson were admitted Fellows
of the Society.

The PRESIDENT then read a letter from H.M. Office of Works
stating that the Lords Commissioners of H.M. Treasury had
authorised the Board to assign to the Society the rooms shortly
to be vacated by the Post Office, on condition that the Society
bears the cost of alteration necessary to adapt them to its use.
The announcement having been unanimously welcomed, the General
Secretary briefly referred to the negotiations during the past four
years which had now been crowned with success.

Auditors for the annual audit of the Treasurer's accounts wei'e
nominated, Mr. C. B. Clarke and the Eev. E.. Ashington Bullen
on behalf of the Council, and Mr. Herbert Druce and Mr. E, G.
Baker on behalf of the Fellows ; by show of hands these were
duly elected.

Mr. Clement Reid exhibited drawings by Mrs. Eeid of Fruits
and Seeds of British Preglacial, Interglacial, and Roman Plants :
2nd Series — Calyciflorse.

The most interesting addition to the Interglacial flora is the
South-European Cotoneaster Pyracantlia, which occurs abundantly
on the Sussex coast in deposits which yield also Acer ononspessu-
lanum, Najas minor, and N. graminea.

The Preglacial Calycihorse include Trapa nutans ; but the rest
of the species yet determined are still living in Britain ; many,
however, need further examination.

The plants from Roman Silchester include the vine, bullace,
damson, and coriander.

Mr. R. Morton Mibdleton exhibited a holograph letter from
Linnaeus to Haller, dated Upsala, 12th May, 1747, conveying the
intelligence of Haller being elected a Foreign Member of the Royal
Academy of Sciences, Stockholm. The President and the General
Secretary contributed some brief remarks. (See p. 41.)

Dr. O. Staff, on behalf of Mr. W. B. Hemsley, exhibited some
specimens of Primula vulgaris, Huds., which displayed the phe-
nomenon of phyllody of the calyx in an unusual degree.

A paper by Mr. James Cash was postponed to a subsequent
meetins:.

LTNNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 1 3

May 5th, 1904.
Prof. Sydney H. Vines, F.R.S., President in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Prof. Eugc-ne Louis Bouvier, Prof. Dr. Carl Chun, and Prof,
Dr. Hugo de Vries were elected Foreign Members, and Mr. Philij)
Purley Fyson was admitted a Fellow of tlie Society.

The following papers were read : —

1. "On Coloration in Mammals and Birds." By J. L. Bonhote,
M.A., F.L.S.

2. " On the Cranial Osteology of the Fishes of the Families Mor-
myi'idfe,Notoptex-idae, and Hyodontidse." By Dr. W. Gr, RideAvood,
F.L.S.

May 24th, 1904.

Anniversary Meeting.

Prof. Sydney H. Vines, F.E.S., President in the Chair.
The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

The Treasurer, in presenting the annual statement of Accounts
for the financial year ending 3Uth April, duly audited as on p. 14,
compared the various items of receipt and expenditure of this and
the previous years. He also laid on the Table the Supplementary
Charter, dated 8th April, 1904, the result of the Special General
Meeting held on 15th January, 1903.

The Charter having been formally read over, the President moved
a special vote of thanks to the Treasurer for the labour expended
and his generous gift of the Charter to the Society, which was
supported by Mr. W. Carruthers, and carried by acclamation.

The General Secretary read his report of deaths, withdrawals,
and elections as follows : —

Since the last Anniversary Meeting 15 Fello\^^s had died or their
deaths been ascertained : —

My. William Henry Catlett.
Mr. William Duppa Crotch.
Rev. Thomas Foulkes.
Dr. William Francis.
Mr. John Charles Galton.
Dr. Charles Henry Gatty.
Dr. Edward Hamilton.
Dr. W. Berrv Kellock.

Mr. Philip Brookes Mason.
Mr. Lewis Powell.
Sir AValter Joseph Sendall.
Mr. Isaac Cooke Thompson.
Mr. Augustus Thorne.
Dr. Charles H. Wade.
Mr. Christopher Ward.

14

PKOCEEDINGS OF THE

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linnea.n society of london. 1 5

Associate (1),
Mr. William Penney.

Foreign Members (2).
Prof. Dr. Carl Gegenbaur. | Dr. Michael Woronin.

The followinsr 7 Fellows have resigned : —

Mr. Charles Renfric Chichester.
Mr. John Morley Dennis.
Mr. James Edmund Harting.
Mr. F. M. Krause.

Mr. Henry Ernest Milner.

Mr. Lewis Ough.

Mr. Henry George Stacey.

Two Fellows have been removed from the list of Fellows by
order of the Council.

And 27 Fello\^'s (of whom 24 have qualified), 2 Associates, and
3 Foreign Members have been elected.

The Librarian's report was read as follows : —

During the past year 131 Volumes and 135 Pamphlets have been
received as Donations from Private Individuals.

From the various Universities, Academies, and Scientific Societies,
291 volumes and 70 detached parts have been received in exchange
and otherwise, besides 57 volumes and 41 parts obtained by exchange
and as Donations from the Editors and Proprietors of independent
Periodicals.

The Council has sanctioned the purchase of 187 volumes and 83
parts of important works.

The total additions to the Library are therefore 666 volumes
and 329 separate parts.

The number of Books bound during the year is as follows : —
In half-morocco 333 volumes, in half-calf 15 volumes, in full cloth
186 volumes, in vellum 31 volumes, in buckram 21 volumes, in
boards or half-cloth 18 volumes. Relabelled (half-morocco and
cloth backs) 49 volumes. Total 653 volumes.

The General Secretary having read the Bye-Laws governing the
Elections, the President opened the business of the day, and the
Fellows present proceeded to Ballot for the Council and Officers.
The Ballot for the Council having been closed, the President nomi-
nated Mr. W. Carruthers, Rev. Canon Fowler, and Mr. Henry
Groves, Scrutineers ; and the Votes having been counted and re-
ported to the President, he declared that the Rev. R. A. Bullen,
Prof. J. Reynolds Green, Mr. G. Massee, Colonel C. Swinhoe,
and Mr. A. O. Walker had been removed from the Council, and that

1 6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Mr. V. H. Blackman, Dr. k. Gunthee, Prof. W. A. Heedman,
Mr. F. G. Paesons, and Dr. O. Staff had been elected into the
Council.

The Ballot for the Officers having been closed, the President
appointed the same Scrutineers ; and the Votes having been counted
and reported to the President, he declared the result as follows : —

President, Prof. W. A. Heedman.

Treasurer, Mr. Feank Ceisp.

o , . f Dr. D. H. Scott.
Secretarus j ^^^ ^ ^^ ^ Steebing.

The President delivered his Annual Address (see p. 17).

Mr. John Hopkinson moved, and Mr. J. F. Duthie seconded :

That the President be thanked for his excellent address and that
he be requested to allow it to be printed and circulated among the
Fellows, which was carried unanimously.

The Peesident then addressed Dr. A. GUnthek, and presented
the Linnean Gold Medal to him ; which the recipient suitably
acknowledged (see p. 30).

The Secretaries laid the Obituary Notices before the Meeting
(see p. 31).

Mr. Oaeeuthees then moved a vote of thanks to the President
on his quitting office at the close of four years' tenure, which was
seconded by Prof. Peect Geoom, and carried by acclamation. The
President having acknowledged the compliment, the Meeting
ended.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 1 7

PEESIDENTIAL ADDEESS, 1904.

I BEGIN my Address to-day, as has been my custom on previous
Anniversaries, with a brief account of the events of the past year
and of the position and prospects of the Society. The longer I
have occupied the Presidential Chair, the more impressed have I
become with the desirability of placing the fullest information of
this kind at the disposal of the Fellows, not only for the purposes
of this Meeting, hut also for subsequent reference in the Proceed-
ings. It is not necessary for me to insist how important it is
that every Fellow should have brought to his notice at frequent
intervals what have been the successes and the disappointments of
the Society, and what are its aims, its aspirations, its hopes, and
its fears : in a word, that every Fellow should be kept as closely
as possible in touch with the oi'ganic life of this our body. But
so strong is my conviction of the importance of this matter, that
I ventiu'e on this occasion — the last Anniversary Meeting at which
I shall have the privilege of addressing you — to make a practical
suggestion to ensure its permanent realisation. My suggestion is
this — that we should adopt the practice of the Eoyal Society, and
of, I believe, some other learned Societies, in desiring the Council
to present an annual report upon the state of the Society's affairs.
In this way information that can now only be obtained, if at all, by
the searching of minute-books, would be made readily accessible ;
and, moreover, the series of annual reports would, in the course of
time, form an important contribution to the history of the Society.
In my present position I can see one weighty objection to the
proposal, namely this, that were it carried out it would deprive
the President in future of a good deal of material that might be
useful for the purposes of his Anniversary Address. But it may
be urged, as a compensating advantage, that it would leave the
President free to devote the whole of his Address to purely
scientific matters.

I began my Address last year with an allusion to the probability
that that Anniversary would be the last meeting of the kind " for
men only " ; and I ventured to anticipate that it would fall to my
lot to admit the first Lady-Fellow. At the same time I was
cautious enough to hint that the process of obtaining a Supple-
mental Charter would require time and patience. Owing to the
realisation of the last of these three anticipations, the two others
remain unfulfilled ; so the Fellows are meeting to-day as of
yore, and my term of office is not to be rendered memorable by
the gracious event to which I have alluded. However I am to-day
in a position to announce that the Supplemental Charter has at
last been granted. I cannot make this gratifying announcement
without adding that the Society is deeply indebted for the successful
conduct of this business to the Treasurer, who has borne single-
handed the not inconsiderable labour and, with characteristic

LINN. SOC. PEOCEEDINGS, — SESSION 1903-1904. C

1 8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

generosity, the still less inconsiderable expense that it has
involved.

In order that the Supplemental Charter may become operative
with as little delay as possible, the Council has been engaged for
some time past in preparing a revision of the Bye-laws. This will
be submitted in due course to the Fellows for approval ; and when
that formality has been completed, the new order of things will
have been officially inaugurated.

As it may reasonably be expected that when the Supplemental
Charter is in operation there will be an appreciable increase in the
average number of Fellows, it will be reassuring to know that,
should this prove to be the case, the requisite accommodation will be
forthcoming. The Society has now at its disposal for this purpose
some of the rooms on the upper floor, formerly occupied by the
Assistant-Secretary ; and quite recently an official intimation has
been received to the effect that the rooms in this building at present
used by the Post Office will shortly be handed over to us. Not
only has our accommodation been increased, but something has been
done during the past year in improving what we already possess.
Important structural repairs and alterations have been carried out
by the Office of Works, and advantage has been taken of this
opportunity to redecorate the hall and the staircase, as well as
some of the rooms on the upper floor, at a cost to the Society that,
thanks to the liberality of the Office of "Works, has been little more
than nominal. However, a great deal remains to be accomplished in
this direction. The adaptation to our requirements of the rooms
to be vacated by the Post Office demands immediate attention ;
only slightly less pressing is the need for the redecoration of the
Library and of the Council -room.

The mention of these matters inevitably suggests the question
of ways and means. Without intruding into his department,
I may venture to say that the Treasurer's statement con-
clusively shows that the expenditure involved cannot be borne
by the present income of the Society, which is hardly sufficient to
meet the normal demands upon it. The Treasurer is, I believe,
so sanguine as to hope that such an accession of new Fellows may
result from the operation of the Supplemental Charter as to
substantially increase the revenue of the Society. If that be one
of the fortunate results of our new departure, the financial
difficulty will be surmounted : otherwise the extraordinary expen-
diture that I have foreshadowed will have to be met either out of
our slowly but surely diminishing capital funds, or, as on more than
one previous occasion, by a special appeal to the generosity of the
Fellows.

I think I am justified in expressing the opinion that the
efficiency of the Society, in all its various departments, has been
fully maintained. From the report of the General Secretary you
will have gathered that the Societ}' has fairly held its own in point
of numbers. The Eeport of the Librarian will haye assured you
that that most important department has not been neglected. Nor

LrtTNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 1 9

can it be said that the scientific activity of the Societ}' shows any
falling off. Our publications have maintained their usual high
level, covering a wide field of interest, both botanical and zoo-
logical. Moreover, as I mentioned last year, we have been issuing
the final parts, long overdue, of Messrs. Forbes and Hemsley's
' Enumeration of Chinese Plants,' which ought to be completed
within the present year. As regards quantity, we have at any
rate published as much as our financial resources have permitted.
We have also undertaken to publish — with the assistance of a
grant from the Royal Society — a series of papers giving the results
of a Plankton Expedition to the Bay of Biscay on H.M.S.
'Research' in the year 1900. These papers, which are eventually
to form a separate volume of the Transactions, are being prepared
by eminent specialists under the direction of Dr. G. H. Fowler ;
and two of them — a general account of the expedition by Dr.
Fowler, and an account by our Zoological Secretary of the
Crustacea collected — have already been communicated to the
Society.

It will be remembered that, in previous years, the experiment
was tried of marking certain of the meetings as specially botanical
or zoological : an experiment that can hardly be said to have been
so conspicuousl)^ successful as to \\arrant repetition for another
year. Accordingly we have reverted, during the present Session,
to the old plan of indiscriminate meetings. However, on review-
ing the Session, there can be no doubt that many of the meetings
have been of more than usual general interest. I may mention,
in illustration, the meeting at \\hich (Dec. 17) Prof. Farmer gave
a brief account of his researches on Cancer : the meeting of Feb. 1 8,
which was devoted to a Mendelian discussion, which we owe to
Mr. Biffen, Mr. Batesou, and Prof. Weldon ; and the meeting of
April 7, at which Mr. Enock displayed a remarkable series of slides
of insects and flowers in natural colour photography. It is a
significant fact that these three important contributions to the
success of the Session, involved no publication on the part of the
Society. The moral that it points is, I think, this — that the
interest of our meetings does not depend solely, or perhaps even
mainly, upon the papers that are read with a view to publication.
Though such papers are of considerable and permanent scientific
value, they are, from the nature of the case, sometimes not
calculated to engage the attention of a meeting ; they are often
more interesting to read than to listen to. Whilst we must do all
that we can to encourage the contribution of papers of this calibre,
greater eflPort is, I think, necessary in the direction of stimulating
the interest of our meetings by the provision of important exhibi-
tions and subjects for discussion. I venture to assert, without fear
of contradiction, that no Society offers greater facilities than our
own for the discussion of biological questions as they arise. It is,
in fact, my ambition that this aspect of the Society's activity should
become more fully recognised : that discussion, altogether tabooed
in its early years, should develop, in these latter davs, into its

c2

20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

most characteristic feature. It was here that the theory of evolu-
tion was first given to the world : why should not this be also
the birthplace of the epoch-making biological theories of the
future ?

Whilst the review of the Session affords ground for satisfaction
and for hope, it is by no means devoid of matter for regret. A
year ago I expressed the wish that Professor Howes might soon be
restored to his useful and indefatigable activity amongst lis ; and
in that anticipation we i-e-elected him Zoological Secretary. As
we all know, to our sorrow, that anticipation has not been fulfilled.
At an early period in the Session it became necessary for him to
resign his" office, which was filled by the election of the Rev.
T. 11. E. Stebbiug, to whom it is impossible to give higher praise
than to say that he is emulating the example of his distinguished
predecessor. On the occasion of his resignation, the Council
transmitted to Prof. Howes a vote of sympathy and of appreciation
of his valuable services to the Society, a proceeding that must, I
am sm-e, meet with the heartfelt approval of this meeting.

Our other losses include several valued Fellows, among whom I
may specially mention Dr. William Francis, for seven years an
Associate and for sixty years a Fellow of the Society, who had
long been a member of the well-known firm to whom we entrust
the printing of our publications ; Isaac Cooke Thompson, the
well-known naturalist of Liverpool, who had been Secretary and
President of the Liverpool Microscopical Society, and was one of
the founders of the Liverpool Biological Society, in connection with
which he accomplished most of the scientitic work of his later
years, devoting himself more especially to certain groups of
Crustacea ; and Sir Walter Sendall, G.C.M.G., who, in his time,
had been Grovernor of the Windward Islands, of Barbados, and of
British Guiana, as well as High Commissioner for Cyprus, and
whose death has an especially mournful interest for me in that he
was a distinguished member of Christ's College, my own old
Cambridge home, where his name was, and will remain, a household
word.

We have to deplore the loss, among our Foreign Members, of
two eminent biologists : — Dr. Carl Gegenbaur, Professor of Com-
parative Anatomy in the University of Heidelberg ; and Dr. Michael
Woronin, of St. Petersburg.

Carl Gegenbaur, one of the most distinguished pupils of
Johannes Midler, leaves behind him a record of fifty years' scientific
work of the highest character. Some of his earlier years were
given up to the study of Invertebrates, but after 1860 he devoted
himself entirely to the investigation of the Comparative Anatomy
of Vertebrates. Among his many important discoveries in this
department of Zoology, perhaps the most fertile was that of the
relation between certain of the cranial nerves and the branchial
skeleton. An inspiring teacher, as well as a profound researcher,
he exercised an exceptional influence upon the development of his
subject. It is not too much to say that the present position of

LINNBAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 21

Vertebrate Morphology, as a science, is mainly the result of the
labours of Gegenbaur and of his school.

Michael Woronin was a private gentleman of means and
position who devoted his time and his energy to botanical research.
Inasmuch as he studied under Cienkovski at St. Petersburg, under
De Eary at Freiburg-i.-B., and under Thuret at xlntibes, it is not
surprising that he should have chosen the Fungi and the Algae as
the subjects of his investigations. Having found his congenial
work, he pursued it with unswerving tenacity of purpose, producing
results that very materially contributed to the remarkable develop-
ment of knowledge concerning the Thallophyta which characterised
the botanical progress of the latter part of the nineteenth century.

We begau the Session with two vacancies in our list of Foreign
Members, so that there have been four to fill up, though there has
only been opportunity to make three elections ; one vacancy
remains over to next Session. The choice of the Society has fallen
upon Dr. Hugo de Vries, Professor of Botany iu the University of
Amsterdam ; upon M. Eugene Louis Bouvier, Professor at the
Natural History Museum, Paris ; and upon Dr. Carl Chun,
Professor of Zoology in the University of Leipsic. Of Prof.
De Yries I would say that although he is best known by his recent
researches on variation and heredity, based upon the re-
introduction of the experimental method, which are being
embodied in his great work the ' Mutations-theorie,' he had, at an
earlier period, earned a high reputation as a plant-physiologist.
Trained in the school of Julius von Sachs, when that great master
was in the plenitude of his remarkable powers, Prof, de Vries
proved himself to be one of its most distinguished pupils.
Beginning with the study of the growth of plants, and more
especially of growth-curvatures, he Avas led on, whilst seeking the
explanation of these phenomena, to recognise that they are
ultimately due to variations in the turgidity of the growing cells ;
and then to the investigation of the mechanics of the individual
growing cell, a subject that he made peculiarly his own. Prof.
Bouvier's well-established reputation as a zoologist, and more
particularly as a malacologist, rests upon a series of highly finished
systematic memoirs, written to some ext-ent in collaboration with
Alphonse Milne-Edwards, a former Foreign Member of this
Society, uj)on material resulting from various deep-sea exploring
expeditions, including that of the American vessel the 'Biake'
under Agassiz, those of the Prince of Monaco in the yachts
' Hirondelle ' and ' Princesse Alice,' and those of the French
Grovernment in the ' Travailleur' and the • Talisman.' Nor n)ust
I omit to mention his contributions to our knowledge of that still
enigmatical animal known as Peripatus. Professor Chun, well-
known in connection with the ' Bibliotheca Zoologica,' has made
his mark in marine research. The success of his eai'lier labours in
this direction led to his being selected as the leader of the German
deep-sea expedition, effectively carried out in the voyage of the
' Valdivia ' during the years 1898-0. His main zoological work

22 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

has naturally been coucerned with the marine organisms, of which
he gathered such ricli harvests, and more especially with the
Tunicata.

This year the Linnean Medal has been awarded by the Council
to a distinguished Zoologist and Comparative Anatomist, who is
one of ourselves — Dr. Albert Griinther. I must not anticipate
what I shall have to say when the moment of presentation arrives.
I would only remind you that his scientific labours have extended
over half a century, and that some memorial of them is to be
found in the Eoyal Society's Catalogue of Scientific Papers, where
already as many as 240 contributions from his pen are enumerated,
and on the slielves of the Zoological Department of the British
Museum, where stand the great collections that he arranged and
catalogued during many years of strenuous service. If the
Eoyal Society has been impelled to express its recognition of
Dr. Giintber's scientific eminence in the concrete form of a Royal
Medal, there are still more cogent reasons why the Linnean Society
should confer upon him its highest honour.

I fear that I may have been somewhat remiss in the discharge
of my duties at previous Anniversaries, in failing to remind the
Society that the occasion of our meeting on this day is the com-
memoration of the birthday of the celebrated Linnaeus. It would
ill become a President of this Society to allow his term of office to
pass by without any mention of the man who, though not indeed
our founder, may be regarded as our patron saint ; and least of all
would such an omission be pardonable in me who am a successor
of Dillenius. Seeing how much has been written about liinuseus,
how fully his life and his work have been discussed from every
point of view and at so many diiferent epochs, it may well be
doubted whether anything worth saying still remains to be said.
But I am inclined to think that perhaps just because he has been
the subject of so much discussion, it is worth while to clarify, from
time to time, our somewhat confused conception of him, and to
reassure ourselves of the grounds upon which we continue to
venerate his memory.

It is a common misfortune of great men to suifer from the
injudicious praise of over-enthusiastic admirers, which often
attributes or exaggerates qualities or attainments without sufficient
reason, whilst overlooking those which are the real source of
greatness. In this respect, I venture to think, few have suffered
more than Linnaeus. Lest I fall into the same error, I propose to
place myself altogether on the other side, taking up, for the
moment, the position of advocatus diaboU, so that my object will
be to prove rather what Linnaeus was not than what he was.

Some of the points in the case can be almost summarily dealt
with. For instance, it may be admitted, with, I believe, perfect
equanimity, that Linnaeus was not a great Anatomist as regards
either animals or plants ; in fact I do not know of any botanical
work of his that is definitely anatomical in character, unless.

L1NNEA.N SOCIETY OF LONDON. 23

indeed, the interesting dissertation on the buds of trees (Amoen.
Acad. ii. p. 163) be regarded as such.

It will not be irrelevant briefly to consider, at this point, the
interesting question as to the extent to which Linnaeus made use
of the microscope. In his early days he seems not to have used it
at all, for in the introduction to the ' Systema Naturce ' (1735) he
says, almost boastfully, that he had examined nearly all the flowers
of plants with the naked eye only, and without any microscope.
Somewhat later, during his stay iu Leyden (1737-8), he had special
opportunities for microscopical work, since one of his friends there
was " Lieberkiihn, a Prussian, having in his possession incomparable
microscopes," who gave microscopical demonstrations. Linnaeus
relates that, on one such occasion, he was shown the spermatozoa
of a dog (' Generatio ambigena,' Amoen. Acad. vi. p. 4 ; ' Sponsalia
Plantarum,' Amoen. Acad. i. p. 79), wheu he drew conclusions as
to their nature antagonistic to those of Leeuwenhoek, the original
discoverer. But he did not apparently pursue his microscopical
studies with any ardour. Among the dissertations forming the
' Anioenitates Academicas ' there are several dealing with topics
that might be supposed to involve the use of the microscope, such
as that on the ' Seraina Muscorum ' (Amoen. Acad. ii. p. 261);
but in only one is there a definite statement to that effect. In the
dissertation ' Mundus Invisibilis,' in which an account of the course
of microscopical discovery is given (Amoen. Acad. vii. p. 399), the
author describes his observations on the Smut of Wheat ( Ustilarjo)
made with a Cuffiuian microscope under the direction of Linnaeus.
This is all the information on the subject that I have been able to
discover.

Nor can it be urged that Linnaeus has strong claims to dis-
tinction as a Physiologist. Though he had as contemporaries such
men as Hales, Duhamel, and Bonnet, and was in constant com-
munication with Haller, who was distinguished alike as physiologist
and systematist, Linnaeus has not, so far as I have been able to
ascertain, left on record a single physiological experiment. Never-
theless he proved himself to be an acute observer of physiological
phenomena in nature. Thus in the dissertation ' Somnus
Plantarum ' (Amoen. Acad, iv.) he describes the daily movements
of leaves ; in the ' Philosophia Botanica ' he registers the hours of
opening and closing — the Vigils, as he calls them — of flowers,
fancifully arranging them so as to constitute a " floral clock." The
dissertation ' Calendarium Florae ' (Amoen. Acad, iv.) contains a
number of phaenological observations as to the dates of leafing,
flowering, fruiting, and leaf-fall of plants growing in the Botanic
Garden at Upsala. Further, in the ' Philosophia ' there is a mass
of facts illustrating such important biological features as the
distribution of plants in relation to climate and soil, and the various
modes of dispersal of seeds, Avhich may be regarded as the
foundation of that method of study which, under the name
" QEcology," has developed of late into so considerable a super-
structure.

24 PI10CEEDING8 Ol' THE

Another pertinent question is as to whether or not Linnaeus may
be considered to have materially contributed to the discovei'y of
sexuality in plants. In his prize essay, the ' Disquisitio de Sexu
Plantarum ' (J 760) he says that it is very difficult to say who first
made this discovery. Ear iVoni laying any claim to it himself, he
mentions Millington, Grew, Kay, Camerarius, and Vailhint as
moderns who had more or less clearly stated it. What still remained
to be determined was the mode of impregnation. That it is
attributable to the pollen was no longer a matter of doubt.
Vaillant (1718) had expressed the opinion that it was effected by
the transmission to the ovules, not of any material substance, but
of a volatile essence exhaled by the pollen-grains. On the other
hand, Morlaud (Phil. Trans. 1704) asserted that the pollen-grains
pass bodily down the style into the ovules, there giving rise to
embryos. Needham, in his 'Microscopical Discoveries' (1745),
pointed out that it is impossible for the pollen-grains to reach the
ovary, and asserted that the farina, falling on the heads of the pistil,
dissolves in the papillaD, and the subtlest of its ])arts only pene-
trates into the tubes leading to the ovary. The chief contribution
made by Linnams is contained in the dissertation ' Sponsalia
Plantarum ' (174G : Amoon. Acad, i.), where it is clearly laid down
that the pollen-grains of plants correspond to the spermatozoa of
animals, an inaccurate statement and yet an approach to the truth.
Like JVeedham, Linnaais denied that the pollen-grains descend
into the ovary, rightly stating that they remain on the stigma,
where, he thought, they burst and set free their contents, which
penetrate to and fertilize the ovules (cf. ' General io ambigena,'
Amoon. Acad. vi.). This is an advance, but not a considerable
advance. At the same time it must be recognized that by his general
treatment of the subject he established the theory of sexuality
upon a sounder basis and in a clearer light than did any of his
predecessors.

We come now to the consideration of a more debatable matter —
the share of Linnanis in the progress of Plant-Moi*phology, the
side of botanical science that regards the parts of plants in the
abstract, that considers them from the point of view of tbeir
develo|)ment and nuilual relations rather than from that of their
lunclious, that determines their homologies rather than their
analogies. Without going far buck into ancient history, it may
be stated that the foundation ol' modern plant-morphology was
laid by Joachim Jung in his remarkable \\ orks, the ' Doxoscopia,'
tirst published in 1()(32, and tlu> ' Isagoge Phytoscopica,' first
publislied in I 67!K Li these works are to be found a clear analysis
ol' the plant-body iuto its constituent members, a description of
the members witii a precise nomenclature, and a recognition of
the essential similarity between the foliage and tloral leaves.
Although the works of Jung were not much quoted by Linnaeus,
yet, as we know, they were included in his library, and, moreover,
the id(>as and terminology of Jung were fully set out in the first
volume of Kay's ' ilistoria Plantarum,' a work with which Linu»us
was familiar. In these circumstances there can be little doubt

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON 2$

that the Linneau morphology was based upon that of Jung, which,
by the time Linnaeus wrote his ' Funclameuta Botauica' (1736),
had become common knowledge. That work shews a considerable
advance towards a more detailed and comprehensive terminology :
but the goal was not reached until the publication, in 1751, of the
' Philosophia Botanica,' which gave to Botany an unrivalled
descriptive apparatus, and must always be regarded as one of the
greatest of the many great achievements of Linnaeus.

As for the theoretical aspect of morphology, the dissertation
on ' Metamorphosis ' (Amoen. Acad, iv.) and the two on ' Pro-
lepsis ' (Amcen. Acad, vi.) are the recognized contributions
of Linnaeus to this subject. The term ' metamorphosis ' has
certainly a morphological sound, but it must be borne in mind
that it did not mean the same thing when used by Linnaeus
as it did when used by Goethe. In its modern sense it
refers to the adaptation of one and the same member to different
functions ; it is the expression of the physiological division of
labour. Leaves, for instance, may be foliage-leaves, or floral leaves,
or pitchered leaves, or tendrils : all essentially the same, yet all
functionally diverse. But with Linnaeus the word had a much
wider application. It referred, in the first place, to the flowering
of plants, a process that seemed to him to correspond to the
' metamorphosis ' of a chrysalis into a butterfly ; and, secondly,
to the occurrence of varieties and monstrous forms. Nevertheless
he rightly includes, in the second category, such admitted cases of
metamorphosis as the doubling of flowers, and the occurrence of
two different forms of foliage-leaves on partly submerged plants.

The idea of ' prolepsis ' was introduced as an explanation of the
phenomenon of flowering. It is briefly this — that each series of
organs in a flower, the bracts, the sepals, the petals, the stamens,
the carpels, represents the product of a year's development, so
that in the expanded flower there is, as it were, an anticipation of
five years' growth. The idea is fanciful and not well-founded:
yet the dissertations in which it was expounded contain many
interesting and acute observations which clearly sliow that Linnaeus
recognised the morphological identity of floral and other leaves.
But in all this thei'e is no definite advance : there is no more than
a restatement in novel form of accepted view s. A more effective
and more convincing method of attacking morphological problems
was at this very time being pursued by Caspar Friedrich AVolff, who
in advocating epigenesis as against the prevalent theory of
evolutionary development, was investigating the actual facts of
development in both animals and plants : and it is to him, more
than to Limueus, that the progress of morphology at this period
was due.

There is yet one other controversial point to be raised, and that
is tlie suggestion that some germ of the theory of organic evolution
is to be found in the writings of Linnaeus. Such study as I have
been able to devote to these writings has failed to discover any-
thing of the kind. On the contrary, it has become more and more
clear to me that the idea of the constancy of species is a necessary

26 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

part of the whole fabric of the Linnean philosophy. Let me
illustrate this statement by a brief reference to his theory of
reproduction. Eegarding the body of the plant as consisting of
a cortical and of a medullary substance, he held the latter to be
the principal seat of life and of the reproductive capacity in
particular. The medulla extends into the flower and there gives
rise to the ovary and the seed, and even to the embryo {cormlum)
in the seed (' Philosophia,' p. 87). Hence he concluded that the
development or reproduction of plants (generatio) is essentially a
continuation. This being so, it is not surprising to find him
drawing the logical inference, that the production of new species of
plants is negatived by this continuity in their reproduction (p. 99);
or, as he puts it elsewhere (p. 101), " that species are most constant
because their reproduction is a true continuation."

It is difficult to imagine how anyone with this mental attitude
could be supposed to harbour an idea of the mutability of species.
It is, however, true that Linnaeus did admit the possibility of the
origin of new species, not indeed by variation, but by hybridisation.
In the dissertation ' De Peloria ' (Amoen. Acad, i.) it is suggested
that the peloric form of Linaria may be a new species and possibly
a hybrid ; and in the dissertation ' PlantaB Hybridse ' (Amcen.
Acad, iii.) the idea of the production of new species by hybridisation
is further developed. But this is merely a side-issue, that does
not directly bear upon the main question. More relevant is the
consideration of his views as to the relation between species and
varieties, set forth in the 'Philosophia Botanica.' " There are," he
says (p. 100), "as many varieties as there are diverse plants pro-
duced from the seed of the same species." A variety he defines as
" a plant changed by some accidental cause, such as climate, soil,
temperature, winds, &c., and may be restored (to its ])rimitive
form) by a change of soil." The distinguishing features of
varieties are their size, the doubling of their flowers, the crispation
of their leaves, their colour, taste, and smell. Further on (p. 225)
in the same work he dwells upon the great difficulty and labour
involved in the task of distinguishing between species and varieties.
Mistakes, he says, are often made on account of the exuberance
of nature, of differences of climate and habitat, and of the short
term of human life, but they may be avoided by the cultivation
of the doubtful plants in various soils and situations, by careful
study of the plant itself, especially of its fruit, as well as of allied
species, and by remembering that the laws of nature are constant
and never make a leap (mmqtimn saltus facientes). That this
expression of his ideas as to variation was not satisfactory, even to
himself, is apparent from the suggestion subsequently made in the
appendix to the dissertation on Hybrid Plants (Amoen. Acad, iii.) to
the effect that the varieties of plants do not only depend upon the
nature of the soil, nor are they changed by cultivation : " the double
Peony or Narcissus," he says, in illusti'ation, " is not changed
by the soil into the single form, nor is it on that account a dis-
tinct species." This important emendation certainly marks an

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 2^

advance towards the modern conception of variation : but still
there is no hint of the suspicion that a variety may become a
species. It must, however, be conceded that, from his keen and
constant observation of animals and plants in a state of nature,
Linnaeus had not failed to recognise what is now termed " the
struggle for existence,"' of which he drew a vivid picture in
the dissertation 'Politia Xaturae ' (Amoen. Acad, vi.), without,
however, attaining to the idea of " the survival of the fittest" and
so to the theory of organic evolution.

If so far the claims of Linnaeus to high distinction have been
scrutinised and disputed witl) some measure of success, further
attempt at objection becomes futile when his merits as an organiser
of knowledge are brought forward. The state of iS'atural History
early in the eighteenth century Avas indeed such as to call for
reorganisation. The active exploration of the world, and more
particularly of the New World, had brought to light such a wealth
of new forms that the existing resources of description, of nomen-
clature, and of classification were proving altogether inadequate to
deal with them. Some idea of the condition of Botany at this
period may be given in the words of Linnaeus himself. " I praise,"
says he in the ' Critica Botanica,' " the names given by the old Greeks
and Romans, but I shudder at the sight of those given by many
recent authoi's ; since they are for the most part nothing but a
chaos of confusion, whose mother is barbarism, whose father
authority, whose nurse prejudice." In the ' Eeformatio Botauices '
(Amoen. Acad, vi.) we read : " The genera are false and defective

and are daily multiplied by ne\^" authors and new systems

The generic names are for the most part erroneous, barbarous, and
Indian names have been given, and the names of other natural
objects have been accepted for plants, so that it is not clear whether
they indicate a plant or a fish .... The generic characters were
so expressed that they scarcely sufficed to distinguish the known
genera : consequently, when a new genus was discovered the

characters of the allied genera had to be altered The

descriptions of plants are written in so oratorical a style, and in
such pompous language, that they filled whole pages."

It must be admitted that Linnaeus was singularly quahfied to
undertake the herculean task of reducing this chaos to order.
As he well says in the ' Systema Xaturae,' " the first step in know-
ledge is to know the things themselves " ; and this equipment he
certainly possessed. Xo man of his time has shown so compre-
hensive an acquaintance with animals and plants — to say nothing
of minerals — or was more deeply versed in the lore accumulated
by his predecessors in the study of Natural History. He combined
a wonderfully lucid and methodical mind \\ith indefatigable
industry and inexhaustible energy ; and the results that he achieved
were commensurate with these exceptional endowments. AVhat
these results were is so well known that I need not dwell upon
them at any length ; I will merely indicate the course that he
pursued. The first step was the publication, in 1735, of the

28 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

' Systeraa Naturae,' which gave the outlines of his method of
classifying natural objects, and is of especial interest as containing
his artificial " sexual system " of plants based upon the number and
position of the reproductive organs of the flower. Prom this
time onward he devoted himself more particularly to the study of
plants, so that all his larger subsequent works were mainly or
entirely botanical. The ' Systema IVaturse ' was followed, within
a year, by the ' Fuudamenta Botanica,' in which the principles of
botanical science are clearly and concisely laid down. The year
1737 was marked by the issue, first, of the ' Critica Botanica,'
authoritatively stating rules of nomenclature ; and, secondly, of
the 'Genera Plantarum," in which those rules are applied to the
generic names of plants. In the following year appeared the
' Classes Plantarum,' in which an account is given of all the
systems of classification from Ctesalpinus onwards, both tlie earlier
and the Linnean generic names being included, together with a
fragment of a natural system. In 1751 the ' Philosophica
Botanica ' was published as an expansion of the ' Pundamenta,' a
work which, as Pulteney says, " must be considered as the
institutions of the Linnean system of botany," or indeed of any
system of botany Mhatsoever. Pinally, in 1753, appeared the
' Species Plantarum,' the crowning work of the series, in which
definite specific names were for the first time assigned to plants.
Thus it was that Botany was provided with a precise descriptive
language .- with generic names based upon fixed characters ; with
specific names in the place of involved descriptions ; and with a
system that facilitated the determination of any given plant :
changes that have been fitly designated the " Eeformation " of the
science.

A few words must be devoted to the discussion of the relation
of Linnaeus to the development of the natural system of classi-
fication. It has been thought, it is sometimes thought even now,
that the " sexual system " was devised by Linnseus as an alternative
to the " natural system " ; that he was, as it were, the apostle of
artificial classification. Nothing could be fiu-ther from his
intention. Not only did he himself elaborate a fragment of the
natural system, but he expressed over and over again, and in
the clearest language, his conviction that the end and object of
every genuine botanist should be to contribute to the elucidation
of such a system based upon a recognition of the true affinities of
plants. " Let those who can," he says, " amend, extend, and perfect
this system, but let those who are unequal to the task desist from
attempting it : those who succeed are distinguished botanists "
(' Classes Plantarum,' p. 487).

Excellent as were the intentions of Linnasus, there can, however,
be no doubt that the enthusiastic acceptance of his artificial
system tended rather to impede than to stimulate the pursuit of
the natural system. Without any fault of Ids, the scaffolding
that he had found it necessary to erect was taken to be the edifice
itself. That this was so is demonstrated by the historical fact

LIKNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 29

that the derelopment of the natural system proceeded more
rapidly in France, where the Linuean system gained but little
hold, than in Holland, Germany, or England, where it became
firmly established. Linnaeus fully recognised this, and ascribed it
to the greater facility offered by artificial methods for the deter-
mination of plants. '• Some botanists," he says, " would rather read
a book in which the plants are arranged alphabetically, than one
in which they are arranged according to their characters." " I
almost believe," he adds, " that the mind of the botanist is disposed
towards some one system from the outset ; nence it is perhaps
desirable that the beginner should be made acquainted with all
the systems so that this stuff might be got rid of once for all "
(' Classes Plantarum,' Praefatio).

The sway, amounting almost to sovereignty, that Linnteus
acquired in the realm of Natural History could not, however, have
been due to his intellectual qualities alone. Great as these were,
they would have failed to effect that Reformation of which I have
spoken, had they not been reinforced by a capacity for inspiring
to enthusiasm all who came under his influence. That he possessed
this crowning gift in a remarkable degi'ee is the only possible
interpretation of the outburst of activity in Natural History that
followed upon his teaching. Out of the crowds of students who
attended his lectures, many became teachers themselves, and not a
few travelled far and wide in the Old World and the New in
quest of animals and plants. Nor was it exercised only on his
pupils ; it affected the teaching, the botanical teaching at any rate,
throughout Europe, the most distinguished contemporary botanists
avowing themselves his disciples.

Such being the man and his work, it is not surprising — quite
apart from the special circumstauces of the case — that our Society
should have been called after his name. And we, the Fellows of
to-day, may well be proud, as were the Fellows of 1802, to be
thus associated with so great a figure and so momentous an epoch
in the history of the sciences that we cultivate.

It is impossible to recall these great days of old without being
reminded of the great days within our own experience. If our
Society is a living monument to the Reformation brought about by
Linnaeus, it was also directly concerned in the Revolution wrought
a century later by Darwin. This is not the time to draw a parallel
between these two great naturalists ; it will suflice to say that,
however different in other respects, they both laboured, and
laboured triumphantly, to the limit of life and strength, in the
cause of Natural History, and both alike have the strongest claim
upon our veneration and our gratitude.

I have now exhausted my theme, and were this not an especially
memorable occasion for me, I might well bring my address at
once to a close. As it is, I cannot forbear a few words by way
of epilogue. Once more I would express my profound apprecia-
tion of the confidence that raised me to this high and responsible
office, and has maintained me therein during all these years.

3°

PEOCEEDINGS OF THE

Only more profound than my appreciation is the misgiving lest
my discharge of the multifarious and often difficult duties attach-
ing to this Chair may have failed to justify that confidence. It is
no extenuation to say that I have endeavoui-ed to discharge those
duties to the utmost of my ability, ever having regard to the best
traditions and the highest interests of the Society ; that is the
least that a President can do. Whatever measure of success may
have attended my efforts is to be attributed to the ready and
effective help of my colleagues in office, whose co-operation and
sympathy have always been at my service, and to the loyal sup-
port ever extended to me by the Council. If I am to-day in a
position to hand on to my successor, unimpaired, the trust com-
mitted to my charge, it is because my ambition to do so has been
directed aright by experience more extensive and judgment more
matui'e than I could myself command.

The Peesident then addressed Dr. Gunther, and in presenting
the Linnean Medal, specified the considerations that had moved
the Council to make this aw^ard.

The Pkesident said : —

" Dr. Giinther, — Each succeeding Session of our Society brings
with it no event more interesting than the pi^esentation of the
Linnean Medal to whomsoever the Society delights to honour.
But this year the event is of quite unusual interest, inasmuch as
the attendant circumstances are altogether unprecedented. For
the first time in our annals a Fellow receives our Medal who has
already presented it, and a President presents it to his immediate
predecessor in this Chair.

" So well are you personally known, so familiar are your
scientific achievements, to the great majority of the Fellows, that
any words of introduction or commendation from me might well
be regarded as altogether uncalled for, were it not that the regu-
lations insist upon a statement of the grounds upon which the
Medal has been awarded. Let me say, then, that our award has
been made in recognition of your attainments as a Zoologist, and,
more particularly, of your profound and probably unparalleled know-
ledge of the Lower Vertebrates, as exhibited in such works as the
monumental catalogue prepared by you of the Fishes in the col-
lections of the British Museum, in such volumes as those on the
Giant Tortoises and on the Eeptiles of British India, and in many
remarkable memoirs such as those on Hatteria and on Ceratodus.

" Whilst this is the all-sufficient justification of the action of
the Council, I am free to admit that where our admiration for you
as a man of science led the way, our regard for you as an old and
ti'ied Fellow and former President closely followed. It is with
this combination of sentiments that I ask your acceptance of the
Linnean Medal that it is my privilege to present."

LIXNE.IN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 3 1

WiLLUAii Francis, Ph.D. (Giessen, 1842), F.R.A.S. (1851), F.G.S.
(1859), became an Associate of the Chemical Society in 1841, a
Fellow of that Society in 1842, and a Fellow of the Physical
Society in 1876. Bnt of all the learned Societies to which he
belonged our own claimed him for the longest portion of his pro-
tracted life. The Linneau honoured him with the Associateship
on the 21st of February, 1837, and as he was born Feb. 16, 1817,
he must have been elected when only a few days over twenty
years of age. On Jan. 16, 1844, he was elected to the Fellowship
of this Society, which he held for over sixty years, dying on
Jan. 19, 1904.'

As a student of Chemistry and Entomology, as a translator of
scientific writings, as partner ia a printing firm famous for its
polyglot accuracy, as joint founder, editor, and publisher of learned
serials \Ahich enjoy a world-wide reputation and a large measure
of perennial value. Dr. Francis may be said to have devoted prac-
tically his whole life to the service of science. He learned printing
under Eichard Taylor, who himself adopted the profession of a
printer " principally at the suggestion of Sir James Edward Smith,
the founder of the Linnean Society, and a very intimate friend of
his parents " (Journ. of Proc. L. S. p. xxxvii, 1859). E. Taylor,
on the 18th of May, 1803, at the age of twenty -two, established
himself in partnership with his father. It was not till ] 852 that
he took into partnership his former apprentice, W. Francis, who
has so recently left our ranks. But between them, without a
break, these two eminent scientific printers, Taylor and Francis,
have had a business career all but completely synchronising with
the corporate life of this Society from its original Charter at the
opening of the nineteenth century down to the Supplemental
Charter of to-day. Of the serials whicli they jointly planned and
vigorously maintained the one most widely known is probably that
which began its course in 1838 as the ' Annals of iS'atural History.'
Charles Darwin, at a time when the state of his health to a great
degree debarred him from the study of books, says, in a letter to
J. D. Hooker, " I confine my reading to a quarter or half hour
per day in skimming through the back volumes of the ' Annals
and Magazine of Natural History,' and find much that interests
me " (Life and Letters, edited by his son, Francis Darwin, vol. iii.
p. 40). Among zoologists, iu particular, there can indeed be very
few who will not from time to time be almost under a necessity of
consulting these volumes, very few who will not, beyond the
immediate necessity, find something woi'th studying and recalHng
to mind in this long record of research and controversy, embracing
in a manner at once liberal and judicious the almost innumerable
branches of their subject. It is true that in maintaining the
standard of the magazine Dr. Francis was associated with succes-
sive groups of co-editors greatly distinguished for their several
attainments. He «as their wortliy colleague.

32 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Dr. Charles Henry Gattt was born in the year 1835, went to
Trinity College, at Cambridge University, graduated B.A. in 1859
and M.A. in 1862. He devoted much attention to natural science,
especially zoology, and was elected Fellow of our Society on
the 15th March, 1860 ; two years later he joined the G-eological
Society. In the summer of 1892 he gave an intimation to the
University of St. Andrew's of a gift of ^1000, which he doubled
during the autumn of the same year, for a marine laboratory ; in
1895 he voluntarily added another sum of £500 for fitting up
tanks, engine, and other furniture, which he afterwards supple-
mented by a gift of a second sum of =£500. Our late Fellow thus
gave in all £3000 to the laboratory now known as the Gatty
Marine Laboratory, Avhich was formal)}^ opened by Lord Reay on
the 3rd October, 1896.

Professor M'^Intosh says : " Previously we had the St. Andrew's
Marine Laboratory at the harbour, and Dr. Gatty and I would
have wished to erect the new one on the site, so fnll of old asso-
ciations, but the wooden building was on a common. We there-
fore had to go to University ground 500 yards or so south. The
Government severed its slender financial connections for the
support of the old laboratory under the Fishery Board for Scot-
land, and the first British laboratory, though it \^"as only from
=£70 to ,£90 a year, as soon as we ' flitted ' to the new building,
and this after 12.| years' work for the Board."

In recognition of this munificent gift the University of St.
Andrew's conferred upon him the honorary degree of LL.D.

In his own immediate neighbourhood at East Grin stead he built
and fitted up a hospital for the sick. Living all his life unmarried,
he became towards the close of it somewhat of a recluse and
eccentric in his habits. He died at his Sussex residence, Felbridge
Place, East Grinstead, in December 1903, aged 68.

Carl Gegenbatjr was born in 1826, August 21, and died last
year on the 14th of June. He became a Professor early in life,
holding the Chair of Anatomy for a long period at Jena and for a
much longer period at Heidelberg. From first to last he was a
man of science pure and simple. His autobiographical sketch,
' Erlebtes und Erstrebtes,' by its epigrammatic title promises
something different from this, but apparently what he did with
his life and what his life did with him were factors of existence
in uncommonly little antagonism. His choice of a career was
imperilled indeed for a moment by the unprescient worldly wisdom
of his father. Sixty years ago it may have been difficult to fore-
cast his chances of making either a great reputation or a modest
livelihood out of natural science. Fortunately, however, the
parental opposition was diverted, so that the young Carl's educa-
tion was allo\^ed to follow lines consistent with his tastes and
ambition. He speedily justified his own selection of the field in
which his energies were to be displayed. It was no narrow one.
Among his treatises we find investigations on Pteropoda and

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 33

Heteropoda, on Amphibia and Eeptilia, on Monotremes, on human
anatomy, on the comparative anatomy of vertebrates in general,
and, finally, on the comparative anatomy of vertebrates viewed in
relation to that of invertebrates. His celebrated text-book,
' Grundziige der vergleichenden Anatomie,' was translated into
Frencli under the direction of Carl Vogt, in 1874, and into
English bv Professor E. Jeffrey Bell, in 1878. Of the English
rendering, one chapter was executed by Professor Ray Lankester,
who revised the whole, and also contributed an important preface.
In form this introduction can scarcely be called eulogistic. To a
large extent it is occupied by criticism of Gegenbaur's work,
against some parts of which serious objections are urged. It is
no uncommon fate, as we know, for books and the characters of
men to be "damned with faint praise," but in this instance, on the
contrary, the treatise is avowedly extolled by the very act of
fault-finding. Por, as the English professor explains, he would
never have been at so much pains to make the book accessible to
his own pupils had not its particular defects been overborne by
extraordinary merit on the whole.

In an acutely discriminative essay on Gregenbaur's life and work.
Dr. Adolphe Kerana calls attention to an important service which
he rendered to the tlieory of evolution. One of the most for-
midable objections that theory has had to encounter consists, as
is well known, in the difficulty of conceiving a commencement for
organs which, like wit, are futile without finish, and which have, so
to speak, no motive for improvement until they have already been
improved. In this objection the resourcefulness of nature was
undervalued. Structures that have served a forsaken purpose
may be re-adapted to a new functioji. In Dr. Kemna's opinion it
was Gegenbaur's special merit to have perceived the fruitfulness
of this view, to have shown its application in various instances,
and to have pointed out the part played by proximity \\ ithin the
organism when one of its organs is bent on annexing the materials
of another.

Gegenbaur's preat abilities I'eceived abundant recognition in
this country, the Linnean Society leading the way by electing him
a Foreign Member in 1877. This example was followed by the
Zoological Society in 1879, and by the Eoyal Society in 1884.
The Eoyal Society awarded him the Copley Medal in 1896. That
he edited the ' Morphologisches Jahrbuch ' continuously from its
inception in 1876 to the close of his life is a proof that his devotion
to science never flagged.

Dr. Edward Hamilton, who died at his residence, 20 Eedcliffe
Gardens, South Kensington, on 3rd August, 1903, was one of
our senior Fellows, having been elected on 16th January, 1844.

He was born in 1815, educated at Harrow and University
College, London, and was one of the first to practise homoeopathy
in London, being a pupil and friend of Dr. F. F. Quin. His

linn. soc. proceedings. — session 1903-1904. d

34 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

principal publication was the ' Flora Homoeopathica,' in two volumes
of 68 coloured plates and text, issued in 1852-53. He was
attached to field-sports all his life, and was twenty years a Vice-
President of the Zoological Society ; he also took a warm interest
in artistic matters, his Catalogue of the engraved works of Sir
Joshua Eeynolds being of standard value. Other publications of
his were 'The Riverside Naturalist,' 1890; 'The Wild Cat of
Europe,' 1896 ; ' The Wild Cat of Scotland,' 1897 ; and he edited
his brother's ' Records of Sport in Southern India . . . between
1844 and 1870,' in 1892.

Philip Brooke Mason, M.E.C.S., P.L.S., P.E.S., who died at
Burton-on-Trent on November 6th, 1903, aged 61, was a well-
known physician in the Midlands, and might have obtained a high
position in London but for the fact that, on the death of his
father, while he was quite young, he was obliged for family
reasons to succeed to his practice in Burton. He gained seven
gold and silver medals at University College, London, as well as
three exhibitions for pathological anatomy, medicine, and surgery.
In the Hospital he was house-surgeon to Mr. Erichsen and Sir
Henry Thompson ; and in 1866 he was appointed Demonstrator of
Anatomy in University College, and held that appointment for
three years. Prom his earliest years he was a collector of objects
of natural history ; in fact, he used to say himself that he began
to collect when four years old. His chief bent, on the whole, was
towards the British Coleoptera, but he formed collections of nearly
everything belonging to the British Pauua, besides amassing a
very fine collection of British plants. In 1889 he made an ex-
pedition to Iceland, but no records of his numerous captures appear
to have been made, except of the Trichoptera, which were worked
out by Mr. MacLachlan. As he grew older, Mr. Mason did very
little actual collecting, but he spent large sums in acquiring well-
known British collections ; among these were Mr. E. C. Rye's
Coleoptera, and the Rev. A. Matthew's Trichopterygidae, and also
the Aculeate Hymenoptera of Mr. P. Smith, and the Hemiptera
of Mr. Douglas and Mr. Scott ; the chief amounts, however, which
he expended were on the British Lepidoptera; beside large
numbers of specimens which he bought at various sales, he
acquired the famous old collection of Edwin Shepherd of Pleet
Street, and also the collections of Mr. T. Wilkinson and Mr.
Douglas. His collection of British Lepidoptera is probably the
finest in existence, and we are very sorry to hear that it is likely
to be dispersed.

Mr. Mason was elected a Pellow oE the Linnean Society on
6th June, 1872; and he served for some time on the Council
of the Entomological Society.

He was by no means a mere collector, for he was a man of
wide knowledge and reading, but he published very little ; at his
own expense he brought out the works on the Corylophidae and

LIN]!fEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 35

Sphaeriidae and the supplementary Trichopterygidse, of which the
Eev. A. Matthews had left the unfinished MSS. at the time of
his death, but he had no time for original research owing to the
exigencies of his very large and widespread professional practice.
Mr. Mason was greatly respected in Burton-on-Trent and will
be much missed in many ways. The ' Lancet ' of November 13th,
1903, speaks of him as " a man of sterling qualities and excellent
intellectual gifts," but only those who knew him intimately can
bear testimony to the simple geniality of his character and his
true kindliness of heart. [W. W. Fo^vler.]

William PErr?rEY, A.L.S., who died in 1903, first appears in
the records of the Society at a very distant date. The minutes of
the meeting held March 18, 1856, giving a variant of his name,
say : " William Penny of Poole, in the County of Dorset, was
proposed as an Associate, and his Certificate signed Thos. Bell,
Pres*., James Salter, Eobert Bentley, was ordered to be suspended."
His election followed on the 3rd of June, but in the long sub-
sequent period during which he held the Associateship we do not
find that he ever contributed to the Transactions or the Journal.
The Eoyal Society Catalogue assigns but a single paper to his
name, and that an essay of very small extent, published in the
Pharmaceutical Journal for 1852, on " Similarity in the Medical
Properties of two Species of Cotyledon" Mr. Penney observes
that " it would be interesting to know whether the leaves of the
Cotyledon utnbilicits, or any other crassulaceous plant in this
country, possess the same property of removing corns " as that
attributed in Pappe's ' Prodromus ' to the South-African Cotyledon
orbicidata, Linn. We may well suppose that the youthful author's
own feet were at the time in too sound a condition to permit of
his solving the problem by a personal experiment. The medical
virtues of the plant in question are an accepted part of " folk-
medicine." Mr. Penney at the close of his life was still of Poole,
Dorset, as he had been at the time of his nomination.

Sir Waltee Joseph Sendall, G.C.M.G., Hon. LL.D. Edinb.,
was born at Norwich, on Christmas Eve, 1832, the youngest son
of the Eev. S. Sendall ; he was educated at Bury St. Edmunds
Grammar School, and Christ's College, Cambridge, where he was
in residence with Walter Besaut and C. S. Calverley (whose sister
he married). Sendall obtained a first class in the Classical Tripos
and was a Junior Optime in the Mathematical Tripos. He joined
the educational branch of the Ceylon Civil Service in 1859 ; in
1870 he became Director of Public Instruction there ; in 1876
General Inspector of the Local Government Board, in London, and
two years later its Assistant Secretary. Nominated in 1882
Governor of Natal, the appointment was opposed by the Colony,
and Sir Henry Bulwer was appointed in his place. In 1885 he

d2

X

^6 PROCEEDINGS or THE

became Governor of Barbados, in 1892 High Commissioner in
Cyprus, and in 1898 Governor of British Guiana, from which he
retired in 1901. At the time of his death, on 1st May, 1904, in
London, of congestion of the lungs, he was Chairman of the
Charity Organization Society. He was elected Fellow of the
Linnean Society on 3rd December, 1891.

Isaac Cooke Thompson was born July 27, 1843, became a
Fellow of the Linnean Society Dec. 1, 1887; died Nov. 6, 1903.
]le was a chemist by profession and a naturalist from his
boyhood. As a young man he attended classes in science at the
Liverpool Royal Infirmary School of Medicine, distinguishing
himself by liis attainments in botany, and industriously forming a
large herbarium of local jjlants, for wliicli he obtained a special
prize. In those days he would walk fifty or sixty miles a day in
search of rare specimens, and being a teetotaler he accomplished
these long distances without recourse to stimulants. He was a
great traveller by land and sea ; an ardent hill-climber, ascending
Mont Blanc and Monte Eosa in 1868 ; a vigorous athlete in many
exercises, with a special devotion to swimming. " It \^'as his
regular custom, \\hen on scientific expeditions at Pufiiu Island or
Port Erin, to begin the day with a plunge and a swim before
breakfast, and no weather deterred him." Professor Herdman,
fi'om whose memoir most of these facts are taken, " has been
I'outed out of bed and conveyed off to bathe by his friend more
than once in December and January, over ground covered with
snow.'' One may perhaps sorrowfully reflect that Thompson trusted
too far to an iron constitution, and made demands upon it beyond
what even the most rigid temperance in other respects could
justify. His mental activity matched his physical powers of
endurance. Thirty years ago he was already an accomplished
microscopist. He held successively the posts of Secretary and
President of the Liverpool Microscopical Society, coming to be
recognized, in succession to Dalliuger and Drysdale, as the leading
local authority on the microscope.

Along with Herdman, A. O. Walker, and others, Thompson was
one of the founders of the Liverpool Biological Society and its
Marine Biology Committee. "It is in connection with the latter,
and during the last twenty years, that most of his original scientific
work has been done." In that period he "acquired a wide
acquaintance Avith the Crustacea, aiid an intimate detailed know-
ledge of the Copepoda and some allied groups of Entoraostraca."
His " Copepoda of Madeira and the Canary Islands, with de-
scriptions of new genera and species," was published in our own
Journal in 1900 (vol. xx.), but, as was natural, a long series of
his papers appeared in the Transactions of the Liverpool Biological
Society. From time to time the Journals and Proceedings of
other Societies contained essays from his pen, generally on the

LINNEAIf SOCIETT OF LONDON. 37

same favourite subject of the Copepoda. Just before his deatli
he had completed, in partnership with Mr. Andrew Scott, A.L.tS.,
an important Report upon the Copepoda of the Ceylon Pearl
Banks, for Herdman's great work on the Pearl Oyster Fisheries
of that island, now in course of publication by the Koyal Society.

The impression produced by I. C. Thompson on those who met
him only at irregidar intervals fully agrees with the opinion
expressed by his intimate friend. He seemed to be a man of solid
worth, without caprice of temper, uniformly actuated by genuine
kindness. His biographer speaks of the large number of men,
well qualified to judge, who " liad learned to appreciate, not only
his scieutitic Ivnowledge and skill, but also his honest, fearless,
upright character and his bright and sympathetic loving nature."

Michael Wobonin was born at St. Petersburg on July 21st, 1838 ;
he came of a wealthy family, and was thus in a position to devote
himself wholly to scientific research, for which he early showed a
strong inclination, without the necessity of seeking any official post.
At the University of St. Petersburg he was a pupil of Cienkowski's,
whose infiuence no doubt first attracted him to the study of the
lower plants to which his life's work was mainly devoted. When,
after taking his degree, he went to Germany, and entered De Bary's
laboratory at Fi-eiburg, his career as an investigator began . Woronin
was one of the most brilliant of De Bary's disciples, and perhaps
followed more closely than any other in the footsteps of his distin-
guished teacher, both in method and spirit. Although his first
botanical publication was on an anatomical subject (the anomalous
stem of Calijmnihus), it was among the Thallophyta that his charac-
teristic work was done. Beginning with an investigation of the Si-
phoneous Algae Acdabularia and Esijcra, carried out under Thuret
at Antibes, Woronin, throughout his life, continued to produce a
remarkable series of researches, either alone or in co-operation with
others, on Algae, Fungi, and Mycetozoa. Of his algological investi-
gations, that on Botnjdium granulatum, published in conjunction
with Eostatinski, is perhaps the best known, though not free from
error. Among his far more numerous works on Fungi, those
on the ChytridiuesB (in co-operation with DeBary), on Ascohohis,
on Exobasidhon, on the Ustilaginese (partly in conjunction with
Ue Bary), on Pucdnia, and on Sderotinia, in which last Nawaschin
was a collaborator, may be mentioned as of fundamental im-
portance. His researches on Ceratium (in which he was associated
with Famintzin) and on Plasmodiophora are among the most valuable
contributions to the life-history of the Mycetozoa. No one has
done more than AVoronin, if we except De Bary himself, to
advance our knowledge of the groups at which he worked. " Woro-
nin's hypha " is a term familiar even to students, and recent
researches have tended to emphasize the importance of this organ
in relation to fertilization in Ascomycetes.

38 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Woronin is described by those who knew him as a man of the
simplest and most unselfish character, wholly devoted to the science
he loved. Apart from original work, he gave his assiduous
services for 30 years as Botanical Secretary to the St. Petersburg
Society of Naturalists ; and was in many ways an active supporter
of the cause of Science in his native country. His death took
place at St. Petersburg on February 20th, 1903.

Woronin was elected a Foreign Member of the Linnean Society
on 2nd May, 1895.

June 2nd, 1904.

Prof. "William A. Heedman, F.R.S., President, in the Chair.

The President, on taking the Chair, briefly thanked the Society
for his election, mentioned that the Linnean Society was the first
scientific society he joined, early in life, expressed his continued
interest in its welfare, and assured the Members that his earnest
endeavour would be to maintain the high standard set by his dis-
tinguished predecessors in the Chair.

The Minutes of the Anniversary Meeting of the 24th May were
read and confirmed.

The President announced that he had appointed Mr. F. Crisp,
Dr. A. Giinther, Mr. A. C. Seward, and Prof. S. H. Vines to be
Vice-Presidents for the ensuing year.

The following resolution of the Council was read from the Chair,
as enjoined hy the Bye-Laws, Chapter XIV. Section 5 : —

Resolution of the Council, 2nd June, 1904, and ordered to be
communicated to the Fellows, in accordance with the Charter of
the 26th March, 1802 :—

That the existing Bye-Laws of the Society be and they are hereby
repealed and that the following Bye-Laws be established in lieu
thereof.

(Signed) "W. A. Heedman, President,

D. H. Scott, 1 ., , .

Thomas R. E. Stebbing, j ^<^<^'-^t^ries ;

whereupon the President read the draft revised Bye-Laws from
the Chair, the first time, with the exception of Chapters VII. and
IX., in which no alteration had been made.

Mr. V. I. Chamberlain and Mr. T. Christy enquired when
discussion would take place ; the President, in reply, stated it would
be at a subsequent meeting.

LIN^EATs' SOCIETY OF LOXDON. 39

Mr. A. O. AValkkr exhibited (1) viviparous plauts ot" Car-
damine pratensis, which phenomenon was unusiuilly manifest this
year, probably due to the abnormal rainfall, and (2) a gall on the
flower-bud of the same plant, ascribed to Cecidomyia cardaminis.

Dr. ScoxT, in remarking that the state of vivipary was to be
found in most years in some degree, alluded to a paper by A. Hansen
on the subject more than 20 years ago ( Abh. Seuckeub. naturf . Ges.
xii. 1881).

Prof. T. M. Fries, F.M.L.S., who was present, had given a set
of prints of portraits of Linnaeus from his recent volumes on the
career of his eminent countryman, and, speaking in German, ex-
pressed his gratification at the facilities afforded him, during a stay
of a few weeks in London, of access to the whole of the Linnean
manuscripts.

The General Secretary reminded the Fellows of a paper by
Mr. W. Carruthers, which was an amplification of one of his
Presidential Addresses, and read on the 4th March, 1897, in which
the various portraits had been photographed for reproduction.

Mr. "W. T. HiNDMARSH exhibited photographs of the following
plants : — Prhmda deorum, Velen., which he bad succeeded in flow-
ering, he believed for the first time in this country ; Shoriia uaijiora,
Maxim., the Japanese representative of the genus, with larger
flowers than the original /S'. fjalacifolia, Torr. & Gray, and showing
a tendency to vary in colour according to exposure ; and Bhodo-
thamnus ChartuBcistus, Reichb., noteworthy for the abundance of its
flowers.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On the Species of Impatiens in the Wallichiau Collection."
By Sir Joseph Hooker, P.E.S., F.L.S.

2. "Biscayan Plankton.— Part III. The Chaetognatha." By
Dr. G. H. Powler, F.L.S.

3. " On the Flow of Fluids in Plant-stems." By Prof. E. J.
Anderson, F.L.S.

June 16th, 1904.

Prof. William A. Hekdman, F.E.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed.

Major Geo. Henry Evans was elected, and Mr. Eichard Thomas
Baker was admitted a Fellow of the Society.

The Eesolution of Council of the 2nd June relative to the
revised Bye-Laws, and the Bye-Laws themselves, were read a
second time from the Chair.

40 PBOCEEDINGS OF THE

Dr. E. Dbabble, F.L.S., exhibited lantern-slides of an abnormal
root of Dandelion, Taraxacum officinale, Weber, which had
divided and afterwards reunited. A discussion ensued, in which
Mr. P. N. Williams, Eev. T. E. E. Stebbing, and Dr. D. H.
Scott took part ; and Dr. Drabble replied.

Mr. E. Beooks Popham, P.L.S., sent for exhibition some
Calculi from the Horse'(see page 42).

Mr. Thomas Cheisty remarked on the occurrence of these
concretions at Shanghai, and the methods employed by the Chinese
grooms to rid their charges of them ; Mr. P. N. Williams also
contributed a few remarks.

Canon P. C. Smith, P.L.S., .sent for exhibition a handsome
inflorescence of a scrambling shrub from Preetown, Sierra Leone,
in habit resembling our native Clematis Viialba. It proved to be
Rhynchosia cali/cina, Guill. & Perr., which is widely spread in
tropical Africa, reaching Ehodesia.

The following papers were read : —

1. " Variations in the Arrangement of Hair in the Neck of the
Horse." By Dr. Walter Kidd. (Communicated by Dr. P. Gr.
Parsons, P.L.S.)

2. " An Account of the Jamaican Species of Lepanihes." By
Mr. W. Pawcett, P.L.S., and Dr. A. B. Eendle, P.L.S.

3. " On the Blaze-Currents of Vegetable Tissues." By Dr.
A. D. Waller, P.E.S. (Communicated by Prof. J. B. Parmer,
P.L.S.)

4. " On some JMew and little-known British Freshwater
Ehizopoda." By James Cash. (Communicated by J. Hopkinson,
P.L.S.)

5. "The Place of Linnaeus in the History of Botany." By
P. Olsson Seffer. (Communicated by B. Daydon Jackson, P.L.S.)

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LOXDON. 41

ABiSTEACTS.

April 21st, 1904.

Mr. E. MoETON MiDDLETON, F.L.S., exhibited a holograph letter
from Linnaeus to Haller, of which the following is a copy : —

Viro Illustri
DD ALB : HALLEEO

Medico & Botanico Cousumatissimo

S[alutem] pl[urimam] d[icit]

Caeolus Linn jeus.

Cum ante octiduum IStockholmiae eram, Academia Eegia
Scientiarum Stockholmeusis Membra extranea deuomiuavit; uti
Gesnerum, Jussiaeum, Te, Gmelinum, tSauvagesium, Claytonum,
CoUiusonum, Swietenium. mihi in mandatis dedit praedicta
Societas et Academia, ut Te hisce literis perofficiose vocarem, et
invitarem ; hocce, levidense licet, animi mei piguus non respuas,
qui natus es in Scientiarum reformationem atque restitutioneia.
Quod si benigne excipias literas mittas ad Academiam Eegiam
Scientiarum Stockholmiae, ipsique signilices Tehascemeasaccepisse.
Vale.

Dabam Upsalise 1747.
D. 12 Mali.

The address is as follows : —

Medico & Botanico Sunimo
DD ALB : HALLEE

Archiatro, Consiliauo & Professori

Societ. Sclent. Upsal. & Stockholm. Soc. [sicj

GoLtingen.

This letter was printed in Latin in ' Epistolarum ab Eruditis
Viris ad Alb. Hallerum,' published at Berue in 1773, vol. ii.
p. 32G. It is also printed in Smith's ' Correspondence of
Linnaeus,' vol. ii. p. 415. The seal, of red wax, is still sharp ; it
is engraved in the Memoir of Linnaeus published at Upsala and
Stockholm in 1823. The device upon this seal is Linncea borealis
within a ring round which two snakes are twisted as supporters.
Motto, " Dioscorides Secimdus." Above the ring is an open
book, bearing on the dexter page the motto "ISunquam otiosus,"
while on the sinister side the sun sheds its rays from the upper
corner.

The letter had been of late years in the possession of a clergyman

42 PROCEEDINGS OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.

iu the IVTorth of England. It is of considerable interest, as
having made Linne and Haller friends again after a misunder-
standing.

Mr. Middleton also stated that he had recently had an
opportunity of examining the fine series of letters from Linnaeus
in the British Museum, 45 in number, viz. : —

2 early ones to Sir Hans Sloane, 1736, 1737 ;

1 to da Costa, 1759 ;

2 to Solander, 1760, 1762 ;

3 to Carburi, 1763 ;

37 to Gouan, 1765 to 1771.

45

Of these, one only (that to da Costa) appears to be printed in
Smith's ' Correspondence.' One to Gouan (1766) has a pencil
drawing of Siren lacertina. All are dedicated and signed at the
beginning (like the one to Haller above quoted) until December
1768, when the first signature at the end occurs. One (12th
December, 1770) is dated at the top, according to modern custom.

June 16th, 1904.

Calculi from the Horse. By R. Beooks Popham, F.L.S.

The stones, presented to the owner by the late Mr. Young,
M.E.C.V.S., were obtained post-mortem. The two largest are
from an animal used in a coal-cart, a smaller specimen broken up
(not shown) proved the nucleus to be composed of a small piece of
coal, evidently eaten with the food. The animal died of enteritis.

The third stone, with all the loose ones, are from another
animal, showing facets well marked, and the nucleus in one broken
open. Over a hundred of these smaller ones may be sometimes
found in the same horse.

The ordinary intestinal concretion of horses is the triple
phosphate, and invariably with a foreign body for a nucleus — a
pebble for instance, — and are found in stomach, caecum, or other
part of intestinal canal, the phosphate of magnesia contained in
wheat, oats, and hay helping to the production. Another
common method of formation is the swallowing of hair from the
coat of animals repeatedly licking themselves, forming " hair-balls,"
which are covered by earthj^ crust and found in the stomach and
alimentary canal of cows, goats, etc. In the Royal Coll. of
Surgeons Museum there is one of this description measuring
40 inches iu circumference.

ADDITIONS AND DONATIONS

TO THE

LIB R A II Y.

1903-1904.

Albany Museum. tSee Grahainstown, South Africa.

Albert, Honore Charles {Prince cle Monaco). Kesultats des Cam-
pagnes Scieutiiiques accomplies sur son Yachts \y Hironclelle et
la Princesse- Alice']. Eascicules 23-20. 4to. Monaco, 1903-04.

XXIII. Bi-jozoaires jjrovenant des Campagnes cle V HirondeUe (1886-88).

Par Jules Jullien et Louis Oalvet. (1903.)

XXIV. Rechercbes sur I'existence aorinale cle I'arsenic clans I'organisme.

Par Gabriel Bertrand. (1903.)
XXV. Spongiaires des Azores (y HirondeUe et la Princesse-Alice). Par

Emile Toi'sent. (1904.)
XXVI. Mollusques Heteropodes provenaut des Campagnes des Yachts
HirondeUe et Princesse-AIicc. Par A. Vayssiere. (1904.)

Ameghino (Florentino). Los Diprotodoutes del orden de los Pla-
giaulacoideos y el origin de los Eoedores y de los Polimasto-
dontes. Pp. Ill, figs. 121. (Anales Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires,
ix, pp. 81-192.) 8vo. Buenos Aires, 1903. Author.

Eecherches de Morphologic Phylogenctique sur les Molaires

supe'rieures des Ongules. Pp. 541, figs. 631. (Anales Mus.
jVac. Buenos Aires, ix.) Svo. Buenos Aires, 1904.

Andre (Edmond) and Andre (Ernest). Species des Hymenopteres
d'Europe et d'Algerie. — Vol. Vll. Cynijiides. Par J. .T. Kieffer.

Svo. Paris, 1897-1900.

Apstein (Carl). See Nordisches Plankton : Salpen und Cladocei-en.

Arkle (J.). A List of Lepidoptera found in the Counties of
Cheshire, Flintshire, Denbighshire, Carnarvonsliire, and Angle-
sea. See Chester Society of Nat. Sci. &c. : Proc. No. 5.

Ashworth (J, H.). Arenicola (The Lug- Worm). Pp. viii, 118 ;
plates 8. See Liverpool Marine Biology Committee, Memoir xi.

Babington (Charles Cardale). Manual of British Botany, by the
late C. C. Babingtoji. 9th edition. Edited by Hkney and
James Groves. Pp. lii, 580. Svo. London, 1904.

H. & J. Groves.

Bagnall (James Eustace). The Flora of Staffordshire. Pp. 74.
(Issued as a Suppl. to Journ. Bot. vol. xxxix.)

8vo. London, 1901.

Bailey (Frederick Manson). Contributions to the Queensland
Flora. (Queensl. Agric. Journ. 1903, 1904.)

Svo. Brisbane, 1903-04. Author.

44 PBOCEBDINGS OF THE

Bailey (F. M.). Contributions to the Flora of British New Guinea.

Pp.3; & plates 3. Fol. B7-isbane, 1903. Author.

Balfour (Isaac Bayley). See Schimper (Andreas Franz Wilhelm).

Plaut-Geography upou a Physiological Basis.
Barton (Ethel) {3frs. A. Oepp). The Marine Algae, with a Note

on the Pructification of Halimeda. See London Royal Society.

Keport to the Government of Ceylon on the Pearl Oyster

Fisheries, &c. Part I.
Bastian (Henry Charlton). Studies in Heterogenesis. Parts 1-4.

Pp. ix, 354 ; plates 19. Append. I.-III. pp. i-xxxvii.

8vo. London, 1901-03. Author.
Bateson (William). Variation and Differentiation in Parts and

Brethren. Pp. 23. 4to. Cambridge, 1903. Author.

Bauhin (Jean). See Legre (Ludovic) . La Botanique en Provence

au XVP Siecle.
Bayley (William Shirley). The Menominee Iron-bearing District

of Michigan. Pp. 513 ; plates 43. (U.S. Geo!. Surv. Mouogr.

46.) 4to. Washington, 1904.

Beitrage zur Kryptogamenflora der Schweiz {continued).

£atid I. Heft 3. Ciioo^at (Egbert). Algues vertes de la Suisse. Pleuro-

coccoides-Chroolepoides. Pp. xiii, 373 ; figs. 254. 1902.

„ II. Heft 1. Martin (Charles Ej).). Le Boletus siibtomentosuH de la

Region Grenevoise. Essai de Monograpliie. Pp. ix, 39 ;

col. plates 18. 1903.

[Bell {Rev. Edward).] The Primrose and Darwinism. Pp. xiii,
233 ; figs. 23. 8vo. London, 1902.

Berlin.

Das Tierreich. Herausgegebeu vou der Deutschen Zoologischen

Gesellschaft. Generalredakteur : Fkanz Eilhabb Schulze.

Liefg. 20. 8vo. Berlin, 1904.

Liefg. 20. Nemertini, von Otto Bijkger. 1904.

Berthold (Gottfried D. W.). Untersuchuugen zur Physiologic

der pflanzlichen Organisation. Teil II. Hiilfte 1. Pp. iv, 257.

8vo. Leipzig, 1904,
Bewick (Thomas). Memorial Edition of Thos. Bewick's AVorks.
5 vols. lioy. 8vo. London, 1885-87. John Hopkinson.

Vol. I. British Laud Birds. Pp. xxxix, xxxvi, 374. (1885.)
II. British Water Birds. Pp. xxiii, 406. (1886.)
„ III. Quadrupeds. Pp. xi, 526. (1885.)
„ IV. ^sop's Fables, Pp. xxiv, 376. (1885.)

„ V. Memoir of Tiios. Bewick, written by himself. A uew Edition,
Prefaced and Annotated by Austin Dobson. Pp. xxxiii, 365.
(1887.)

Bibliotheca Botanica {continued).

Heft 60. Uksi'Rung (Alfred). Die physikalischeu Eigenschaften der
Laubbliitter. Pp. 120, mit 27 Figuren im Texte und 9 Tafeln.
1903.
,, 61. Freidenfelt (T.). Der anatomischc Bau der Wurzel in seinem
Zusammenhange mit dem Wassergehalt des Bodens. (Studien
iiber die Wurzeln krautiger Pflanzen, II.) Pp. 118, mit 7
Textfiguren und 6 Tafeln, 1904.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 45

Bibliotheca Zoologica {continued).

Band XVII. Heft 40. Strassen (Otto L. zur). Gcsohiclite tier T-Riesen
von Ascmis ineqalucephala. Teil I. Pp. 37, mit
5 Tafeln & 12 Fig. iin Texte. 1903.
„ „ 41. MiJLLEn (H.). Beitrag znr Embryonalentwickelung

der Ascaris 7Hef/alocephala. Pp. 30, mit 5 Tafeln
und 12 Textfigiiren. 1903.'

Biedermann (Wilhelm). Die Schillerfarben bei Insekten und
Vnc;eln. (Deukschr. medic. -naturw. Ges. Jena, xi. Festschrift).

fol. Jenrt, 1904.
Bingley (William). Memoirs ot' British Quadrupeds, illustrative
principally of their habits of life, instincts, sapacity, and uses
to mankind ; arranged according to the system of Linnaeus.

8vo. London, 1809.

A Synopsis of British Quadrupeds. [Published in the

Memoirs of British Quadrupeds.] 8vo. London, 1809.

F. Justen.

Blau (Johannes). Vergleichend-anatomische XJntersuchung der

schweizerischen t7io?r?'s-Arten. Inaugural-Dissertation. Pp. 82;

plates 4. 8vo. Zurich, 1904. Dr. Hans Schinz.

Bolus (Harry) and WoUey-Dod (Anthony Hurt). A List of the

Flowering Plants and Ferns of the Cape PeTiinsula, with Notes

on some of the Critical Species. Pp. 1G7. (Trans. South Afric.

Phil. Soc. xiv., Part 3.) 8vo. Caju Toivn, 1903. Authors.

Borgert (Adolf). See Nordisches Plankton : Dolioliden und Tri-

pyleeu.
Boulay (Jean Nicolas). Muscinees de la France.

8vo. Paris, 1884-J904.
Part I. Mousses. Pp. clxxiv, 624.
„ II. Hepatiques. Pp. clxviii, 224.

Braus (Hermann). Tatsachliches aus der Entwickelung des
Extreraitiitenskelettes bei den niedersten Formen. Zugleich
ein Beitrag zur Entwickelungsgeschichte des Skelettes der
Pinnae und der Visceralbogen. (Denkschr. medic. -naturw.
Ges. Jena, xi. Festschrift.) fol. Jena, 1904.

British Museum (continued).

Catalogue of the British Echinoderms in the British Museum
(Natural History). By F. Jeffrey Bell. Pp. xvii, 202 ;
plates 16. 8vo. London, 1892.

Britten (James) and Boulger (George Simonds). Biographical
Index of British and Irish Botanists. (Journ. Bot. vols. 36, 37.)

Svo. London, 1899.

Biirger(Otto). See Berlin — Das Tierreich. Lief g 20. Nemertini.

BuUen (Robert Ashington). A Late Keltic Cemetery at Harlyn
Bav. Pp. 10 : tigs, 8. (Trans. South Eastern Union of
Scientific Societies, 1903.) 8vo. London, 1903. Author.

Descriptions of new Species of Non-Marine Shells from

Java, and a new Species of Corhictda from New South Wales.
Pp. 3 ^, 1 plate. (Proc. Malacol. Soc. vi.)

Svo, London, 1904. Author,

46 PEOCEEDINQS OF THE

BuUiard (Pierre). Herbier de la France, ou Collection complette
des Plantes indigenes de ce Eoyaume, &c, 602 pis. col. 18
Ann. [in 6 vols.]. fol. Pans, 1780-[93], Frank Crisp.

Dictionnaire elementaire de Botanique «S:c. Nouvelle

edition &c. Pp. xii, 242 ; pis, 10 col.

fol. Paris, An. vi. [1797]. Frank Crisp.

Histoire des Plantes veueneuses et suspectes de la France

&c. Pp. X, 177. fol. Paris, 1784. Frank Crisp.

Histoire des Champignons de la France, &c.

Vol. I. Pp. xvi, 368, ix.
„ II. Pp. 369-700.

fol. Paris, 1791-1812. Frank Crisp.
Byrne (W. L.). The British and Irish Gobies. See Holt (Ernest
W. L.).

On a Young Stage of the White Sole, Pleuroiiectes {Glyjito-

cephahis) cynofjhssus. See Holt (Ernest W. L.).

Calkins (Gary N.). The Protozoa. (Columbia Univ. Biol. ser. vi.)

Pp. xvi, 347 ; figs. 153. 8vo. Keiu York 4- London, 1901.

Calvet (Louis). Bryozoaires (' Hirondelle '). See Albert.

Cambridge Natural Science Manuals. Biological Series. General

Editor — Aethur E. Shipley. 8vo. Cambridge, 1895-?-

Classification of Flowering Plants. By Alfred Barton Rendle.

Vol. I. Gymnosperms and Monocotyledons. Pp. xiv, 402 ; figs. 187.

(1004.)

Cameron (John). Xote on the Introduction, Cultivation, and
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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDOTS^, 47

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On a Collection of Upper Palaeozoic and Mesozoie Fossils

from AV^est Australia and Queensland, in the National Museum,
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8vo. Melbourne, 1904.

New or Little-known Victorian Fossils in the National

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Collins (G. N.). The Mango in Porto Rico. Pp. 36 ; plates 15.
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Cooke (Theodore). The Flora of the Presidency of Bombay.
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8vo. New Yorl- cf- London, 1903.

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48 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Cowan (Thomas William). Tlie Honey Bee : its Natural History,

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llhisti'ated with 73 Figures and 138 Ilhistrations.

8vo. London, 1904. Author.
Crossland (Charles). The Fnngus Flora of the Parish of Halifax.

Pp. viii, 70, & 2 pis. col. (Eeprint from the ' Flora of Halifax '

by W. B. Chump and C. Crossland. Pp. 237~30G.)

Svo. Halifax, 1904. Author.
Cussans (Margaret). Oammarus. Pp. viii, 47 ; plates 4. See

Liverpool Marine Biology Committee, Memoir xii.
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Feeding Stuffs, their Properties and Uses.
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graphie des Sihltales bei Einsiedeln. Pp. 222, 4 plates. (Vier-

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Svo. Zilrieh, 1903.
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the Adjacent Siwalik and Sub-Himalayan Tracts. Vol. I. Pai't. 1.

Eanunculacese to Cornacese. Pp. xvii, 403, & 1 Map.

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Dyer (Bernard). Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs, their Properties

and Uses. With the full text of the Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs

Act, 1893, the Regulations and Forms of the Board of Agriculture

and Notes on the Act, by A. J. David. Pp. x, 124.

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDOX. 49

Edmondston (Thomas). Flora of Shetland. Second Edition —

Natural Classification. Edited and Eevised by C. F. Aegyll

Saxby. Also a Biogra|)bical Sketch compiled from his Mother's

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8vo. Edinburgh Sf London, 1903.

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Edwards (Henri Milne). Cours elementaire d'Histoire Naturelle.

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Eggeling (Heinrich). Zur Morphologie des Manubrium sterni.

(Denkschr. medic. -naturw. Ges. Jena, xi., Festschrift.)

fol. Jena, 1904.
Elliot (George Francis Scott). Can the British Empire be made

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Engler (Adolf). Ueber die Vegetationsformationen Ost-Afrikas

auf Grund einer Keise dureh Usambara zum Kilimandscharo.

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Farran (G. P.). Kecord of the Copepoda taken on the Mackerel

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Sea and Inland Fisheries of Ireland for 1901.)

8vo. Dublin, 1903.
The Nudibranchiate Molluscs of Ballynakill and Bofin

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lungsgeschichte und Biologic der Laubblatter und Driisen einiger

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Plant-Geography upon a Physiological Basis.
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Bd. I. Pp. xxxi, 1-379, figs. 1-71. 1900-1902.
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8vo. Leiden, 1900-1904.

Fletcher (James). Canada Department of Agriculture Central
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Flora of Preston and Neighbourhood. Compiled by the Members
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LINN. see. PKOCEEDINGS. — SESSION 1903-1904. e

50 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Flore de Buitenzorg, publice par le Jardin Botanique de I'Etat.
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149. 1900.
IV. ScinrFNER (Victor). Les Hepatiques. Pp. 220. 1900.
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Fltickiger-Bibliotliek, Katalog der, im Pharmazeuiischen Institute

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Gage (Andrew Thomas). A Census of the Indian Polygonums.

(Rec. Bot. Surv. India, vol. ii. no. 5.) 8vo. Calcutta, 1903.
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the Eothamsted Investigations. Pp. 74. 8vo. London, 1891.

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(Bull. up. 22, U.S. Dept. Agric. Exp. Stat.)

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Around the Capo Peninsula. See Cape of Good Hope : Dept. of
Agric. Marine Investigations in South Africa.

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Good Hope : Dept. of Agric. Marine Investigations in South
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Goeppert (Ernst). Der Kehlkopf von Protopterus annectens
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Gordon (Maria M. Ogilvie). The Geological Structure of Monzoui
and Fassa. Pp. x, 179; plates 20. (Trans. Edinb. G(^ol. Soc.
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Graff (Ludwig von). Die Turbellarien als Parasiten und Wirte.
Herausgegeben als Festschrift der K.-K. Ivarl-Franzens-
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Groves (Henry). ^SV^ Babington (Charles Cardale). Manual of
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Haberlandt (Gottlieb). Physiologische-Pflanzenanatomio. Dritte,
neubearbeitete und v^ermehrte Auflage. Pp. xvi, 61 6 ; mit 264
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Haeckel (Ernst Heinrich). Anthropogenie oder Entwickelungs-
geschichte des Menschen, Keimes- und Stammes-Geschichte.
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Tabellen. Svo. Leipziq, 1903.

e2 '

52

PEOCEBDINGS OF THE

Haeckel (E. H.). Kunst-Formen der Natur. Hefte 1-11.

4to. Leipzig 4- Wien, 1899-1904. Author.
Hampstead.

Hampstead Scientific Society.

Eeport for 1903. 8vo. Hampstead, 1904.

Hansemann (David). Studien iiber die SpezificitJit, den Mtruismus

Lind die Anaplasie der Zellen mit besonderer Beriicksichtigung

der Geschwlilste. Pp. 96 ; mit 13 Tafelu und 2 Figureu im

Text. 8vo. Berlin, 1893.

Hansen (Emil Christian). Gruudlinien zur Systematik der

Saccharomyceten. Pp. 10. (Ceutralbl. f. Bakt., Parasit. u.

Insektionskr. Abt. ii, Bd. xii.) 8vo. Berlin, 1904. Author.

Harrison (J. H. S.). Notes on Botanical Types. Pp. 72.

8vo. London, 1900.

Botany Laboratory Notes. Pp. 70. 8vo. London, 1901.

Plant Physiology ; Practical and Theoretical. Pp. 85 ;

plates 2. 8vo. London, 1904. Author.

Hemsley (William Botting). On Itoa, a new Genus of Bixineae ;
with an Introductory Note by Tokutaro Ito. Pp. 2. (Tokyo
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Henslow {Rev. George). South African Plants, for the Use of
Beginners, Students and Teachers. Pp. ix, 300 ; figs. 112.

8vo. London, 1903. Author.

Herdman ("William Abbott). Report to the Government of
Ceylon on the Pearl Oyster Fisheries of the Gulf of Manaar.
See London : Royal Society. Report to the Government of
Ceylon on the Pearl Oyster Fisheries, &c. Part I.

Hertwig (Oscar). Ueber eine Metliode, Froscheier am Beginn
ihrer Entwickeluug im Raume so zu orientieren, das sich die
Richtung ihrer Teilebenen und ihr Kopf- und Schwanzende
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Hertwig (Richard). Ueber pliysiologische Degeneration bei
Actinosphceriam Eicldiorni. Nebst Bemerkuugen zur Aetio-
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Hescheler (Karl). See Lang (Arnold). Lebrbuch der ver-
gleichenden Anatomie derWirbellosen Thiero. Lief. I. Mollusca.

Hesse (Oswald). Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Flechten und ihrer
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8vo. Leipzig, 1903. Author.

Heurck (Henri van). Synopsis des Diatomees de Belgique.

4 vols. 8vo. Anvers, 1880-85.

2 vols. Plates 135. (1880-81.)

1vol. Table Alpbabetique. Pp. 120. (18S4.)

1 vol. Text. Pp. 23.5. (1885.)

Hickson (Sydney John). The Alcyonaria and Hydrocorallinoe of
the Cape of Good Hope. See Cape of Good Hope : Dept. of
Agric. Marine Investigations in South Africa.

IjINNE.VX SOCIETY' OF LOXDO.V. 5^

Hill (Matthew Davenport) and Webb (Wilfred Mark). Eton
Nature-'Studv and Observatioual Lessons. With a Foreword
by the Rev. Edmoxd AVaere. Part I. Pp. xviii, 155; figs. 134.

4to. London, 1903. Publishers.

Hinde (George Jennings). On the Structure and Affinities of the
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Hissink (Dr. D. J.). Verslag omtrent de op deli in 1902 genoineu
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Holt (Ernest W. L.) and Byrne (W. L.). The British and Irish
Gobies. Pp. 30 ; plates 2. (Eep. Sea and Inland Fisheries of
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On a Young Stage of the White Sole, Pleuronectcs (Gli/pto-

cephdlun) cijnoi/lossnii. Pp. 3 ; plate 1. (Rep. Sea and Inland
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Hooker (Sir Joseph Dalton). A Sketch of the Flora of British

India. Pp. 55. 8vo. London, 1904. Author.

Hope Reports. (A Series of repi'iuts and extracts from various

Journals, reissued for private Circulation.) Edited by Edwaed

B. PouLTON. Vols. I.-IV. 1893-1903.

8vo. Oxford, 1897-1903. E. B. Poulton.
Houard (C.)- Recherches auatoiniques sur les Galles de Tiges :

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8yo. Fans, 1904.
Howell (F. J.). Co-operative Forage Experiments in Southern

Victoria. Pp. 28 ; plates 13. (Journ. Agric. Victoria, vol. ii.

part 2.) 8vo. Melbourne, 1903.

Two Years' Field Work of the Chemical Branch. Pp. 22 ;

plate 1. (Journ. Agric. Victoria, vol. ii. part 2.)

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Hligel (Anatole von). Life of Chaeles ton Hugel. April 25,
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Botanical Microtechnique.
Hunger (F. W. T.). Statistick over den regeu\al van de tabaks-
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Hutton (Frederick WoUaston) and Drummoud (James). The
Animals of New Zealand, an Account of the Colony's Air-
breathing Vertebrates. Pp. xiv, 381 ; with 1-17 illustrations.

8vo. Christcliurcli ^'c, 1904. F. W. Hutton.
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54 PKOCEEBINGS OF XHK

Ihering (Hermann von). Biologie cler Honigbienen Brasilieus.
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India.
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Memoirs (Palseoutologia Indica).

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Vol. III. Part 2. The Lamellibranchiata ; No. ], Genus Trigonia.

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fol. Calcutta, 1903,
Ser. XV. Himalayan Fossils.

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fol. Calcutta, 1903.

Ito (Tokutaro). Planta3 Sinenses Yosbianse. Section I. (Tokyo

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of Bixinea;.

Jensen (Adolf Severin). The Pishes of East Greenland. Pp. 62;

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Kent and Essex Sea Fisheries Committee. See Sea Fisheries

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Key (Axel) und Retzius (Gustaf). Studien in der Auatomie des

Nervensystems und des Bindegewebes. I., II.

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Klebahn (Heinrich). Die wirtswechselnden Eostpilze. Versuch

einer Gesamtdarstellung ihrer biologischen Verhaltiiisse. Pp.

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Klebs (Georg). Ueber das VerhJiltniss des mannlicheu und

weiblichen Geschlechts in der Natur. Eectoratsrede am 10

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Enapp (Georg Friedrich). Justus von Liebig nach dem Leben
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K.-B. Akiideniie der Wisseuschafteu zu Miiiicheu zur Feier ihres
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Vols. I.> Svo. Colombo, 1903-^

Stahl (Ernst). Die Schutzmittel der Flechten gegeu Tierfras.
(Denkschr. medic.-naturw. Ges. Jena, xi., Festschrift.)

fol. Jena, 1904.

Stebbing (Edward Percy). Departmental Notes on Insects that
affect Forestry. Xos. 1-2. Svo. Calcutta, 1903. Author.

64 rEOCEEDlJSGS OF THE

Stebbing {Kev. Thomas Roscoe Eede). South African Crustacea.
See Cape of Good Hope : Dept. of Agric. Marine Investigations
in South Africa.
Stockholm.

Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademie.

Arkiv for Botanik. Band I.» 8vo. Stockholm, 1903-^

Arkiv for Zoologi. Band I.» 8vo. StocMohn, 1903^

Arsbok for ar 1903. 8vo. Stoclliolm, 1903-^

Stone (Herbert). The Timbers of Commerce and their Identi-
fication. Pp. xxxviii, 311 ; plates 24. 8vo. London, \'i)Q-i.

Author.
Strasburger (Eduard). Anlage des Embryosackes und Prothal-
liumbildnng bei der Eibe nebst anscbliesseuden Eroi'terungeu.
(Denkscbr. medic. -naturw. Ges. Jena, si., Festschrift.)

, Noll (Fritz), Schenck (Heinrich), and Schimper (Andreas

Franz Wilhelm). A Text-Boolv of Botany. Translated from
the German by Hobart C. Porter. Pp. ix, 632, with 594
illustrations. 8vo. London, 1898.

Second Edition. Bevised with the fifth German Edition

by William Henry Lang. Pp. ix, 671, with 686 illustrations.

Svo. London, 1903.
Strassburg.

Pharmazeutisches Institute der Universitat.

Katalog der Fliickiger-Bibliothek. Svo. St'cisshvrg-i.-E., 1904.

Strassen (Otto L. zur). Geschichte der T-Eiesen von Ascaris

meqaJocephcda. Teil I. Pp. 27 ; mit .5 Tafeln nnd 12 Fig. im

Text. (Bibl. Zool. Bd. xvii. Heft 40.) 4to. Stnttgart, 1903.

Sydney.

New South Wales Naturalists' Club.

Memoirs No. 1. Svo. Sydney, 1903.

I. Watekhouse (G. a.), a Catalogue of the Rhopalocera of Australia.
1903.
Sykes (Ernest Ruthven). On the Polyplacophora, See London :
Royal Society. Report to the Government of Ceylon on the
Pearl Oyster Fisheries, &c. Part I.
Tattersall (Walter M.). On the Cephalochorda. See London :
Royal Society. Eeport to the Government of Ceylon on the
Pearl Oyster Fisheries, &c. Part I.
Tesch (J. J.). The Thecosomata and Gymnosomata of the

Siboga-Expedition. Siboga-Expeditie. Monogr. 52.
Thompson (Isaac Cooke). On the Copepoda. See London:
Royal Society. Eeport to the Government of Ceylon on the
Pearl Oyster Fisheries, &c. Part I.

Topsent (Emile). Spongiaires des Acores (VJHrondelle et la

Frincease-Aliee). See Albert.
Tosquinet (Jules). Ichneumonides Nouveaux. Pp. xii, 403, and

portrait. (Mem. Soc. Ent. Belg. x.) Svo. Brv.relles, 1903.

Turner (Frederick). Botany of South- Western Ne^- Soutli Wales.

Pp. 50. (Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, xxix.)

Svo. Sydney, 1904.

LnOTEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 65

Tutt (James William). A Natural History of the British
Lepidoptera : a Text-book for Students and Collectors.
Vol. IV. Svo. London, 1 904.

Tydeman(G. F.). Siboga-Expeditie. Hydrographic Results.
United States Department of Agriculture {cont.).
Bureau of Plant Industry.

Bulletiu No. 28. Svo. WasUnfjton, 1903.

Btdl. No. 28. Collins (G. N.). The Maugo in Porto Rico. Pp. 3G;
plates 1,5. (190:;.)

United States Geological Survey {cont.).

Monographs, Vols. 42-46. 4to. WasJdnr/ton, 1903-1904.

42. The Carboniferous Aiumonoids of America. By James Perri.v Smith.

Pp. 211 ; plates 29. 1903.

43. The Mesabi Iron-bearing District of Minnesota. By Charles

Kenneth Leitii. Pp. 316 ; plates 33. 1903.

44. Pseudoceratites of the Cretaceous. By Alpiieus Hyatt. Pp. 350;

plates 47. 1903.

45. The Vermilion Iron-bearing District of Minnesota, with an Atlas. By

J. Morgan Clements. Pp. 463 ; plates 13; figs. 23. 1903.

46. The Menominee Iron-bearing District of Michigan. By William

Shirley B.WLEY. Pp. 513; plates 43. 1904.

Water-Supply aud Irrigation Paper, Nos. 80-87.

8vo. Wasliincjton, 1903.

Professional Paper. Nos. 1-10, 13, 14, 15.

4to. Wasliinyton, 1902-1903.
Ursprung (Alfred). Die physikalischen Eigenschaften der

Laubbliitter. Pp. 120, mit 27"Figuren im Texte und 9 Tafeln.

(Bibl. Bot. Heft 60.) " 4to. Stuttgart, 1903.

van Heurci (Henri). Se6 Heurck (Henri van).
Vayssiere (Albert). Mollusques Heteropodes {Hirondelle et

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Verworn (Max). Die Lokalisatiou der Atmung iu der Zelle.

(Denkschr. inedic.-iuiturw, Ges. Jena, xi., Festschrift.)

fol. Jena, 1904.
Vogt (Oskar). Neurobiologische Arbeiten. (Denkschr. medic-

naturw. Ges. Jena, ix.) fol. Jena, 1904.

Waddell (Lawrence Austin). Report on the Excavations at

Patahputra (Patna). The Palibothra of the Greeks. Pp. 85 ;

plates 5, plans 4, aud map. 8vo. Calcutta, 1903. Author.

"Wallace (Robert). Report on Argentine Show and Live Stock.

Pp. 154, with numerous illustrations. 4to. Edinburgh, 1904.

Author.
Walther (Johannes). Die Fauna der Solnhofener Plattenkalke.

Bionomisch betrachtet. (Denkschr. medic.-naturw. Ges. Jena,

xi.. Festschrift.) fol. Jena, 1904.

Warming (Johannes Eugenius Blilow). The History of the

Flora of the Faeroes. Pp. 22. (Reprinted from ' Botany of

the Faeroes,' ii. pp. 660-()81.) Svo. Co^'mhagcn, 1903.

Author.

LINN. BOC. PBOCEEUINQS. — SESSION 1903-1904. /

66 PEOCEKi)i;jfGS or the

Warre {Bev. Edmond). See Hill (Matthew Davenport). Eton

Nature-Study and Observational Lessons.
Washington.

Carnegie Institution.

Desert Botanical Laborator3\ Publication No. 6.

8vo. Wasliinglon, 1903.

No. G. CoviLLE (Frederick Vernox) and Macdougal (Daniel Trembly).
Desert Botanical Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution. 1903.

Smithsonian Institution.

Astrophysical Observatory. Annals, Vol. 1.

8vo. Washington, 1900.
Waterhouse (G. A.). A Catalogue of tbe Ebopalocera of Aus-
tralia. (Mem. New South Wales Nat. Club, i.)

8vo. Sychmj, 1903.
Watson (John William). A Descriptive Manual of British Land

and Fresh-Water Shells. See Dixon (Ralph). [Proc. 1902-3,

P- 57-]
Wehh (Wilfred Mark). See Hill (Matthew Davenport). Eton

Nature-Study and Observational Lessons.
Weber van Bosse {Mrs. A.) and Foslie (M. H.). The

Corallinacese of the Siboga-Expedition. Siboga-Expeditie.

Monogr. 61.
Wedderburn {Sir William). Drought-Eesistiug Fodder Plants.

AtripJex semibaccata on Alkali Lauds. (Indian Famine Union

Leaflet, nos. 5, 8.) fol. London, 1901-1903. Author.

Weiss (Frederick Ernest). Observations on the Pollination of the

Primrose. Pp. 7. (New Phytol. ii.) 8vo. London^ 1903.

Author.

Further Observations on the Pollination of the Primrose

and of the Cowslip. Pp. 3. (New Phytol. iii.)

8vo. London, 1904. Author.

A probable Parasite of Stigmarian Eootlets. Pp. 6 ; figs. 2.

(New Phytol. iii. 3.) 8vo. London, 1904.

A Mycorhiza from the Lower Coal-Measures. Pp. 11 and

2 plates. (Ann. Bot. xviii.) 8vo. London, 1904. Author.

West (George Stephen). A Monograph of the British Desmidiaceae.
See West (William).

West (William) and West (George Stephen). A Monograph of
the British Desmidiaceae. Vol. I. Pp. xxxvi, 224 ; plates 32.
(Bay Society.) 8vo. London, 1904.

White (James). Altitudes in the Dominion of Canada, with a
Eelief Map of North America. (Geol. Surv. Canada.) Pp. x,
266. 8vo. Ottawa, 1901.

Wiesner und seine Schule. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der
Botanik. Festschrift. Von Karl Linsbauee, Ludwig
LiNSBAUER, Leopold E. von Portiieim. Mit einein Vorworte
von Dro Hans Molisch. Pp. xviii, 259, mit Portrait.

8vo. Wien, 1903. Author

LINNEAN SOCIETY OV LONDON. 67

Wigglesworth (Grace). The Cotyledons of Ginl-go hiloha and
Cycas revoluta. Pp. 3; fig. 1. (Ann. Bot. xvii.)

8vo. Leiden, 1903. Author.

Wildeman (Emile de). Les Algues de la Flore de Biiitenzorg, &c.
Pp. xi, 457 ; plates 16, figs. 149. (Flore de Buitenzorg,
Part III.) 8vo. Leiden, 1900.

Notices sur des Plautes utiles ou interessantes do la Flore

du Congo. Pp. 221 ; plates 12. (Publication de I'Etat
Tndependant du Congo, 1903.) 8vo. Bruxelles, 1903.

Winge (Herluf). Oin Fugle fra Bronzealderen i Danmark, Pp.6.
(Yideusk. Meddel. naturh. Foren. 1904.)

8vo. KJobenJiavn, 1904.

Om jordfundue Pattedyr fra Daumark. Pp. 112 ; plates 7.

(Videusk. Meddel. naturh. Foren. 1904.)

8vo. Kjbhenhavn, 1904. Author.

Wittrock (Veit Brecher). Catalogus lUustratus Iconothecae
Botanies) Horti Bergiaui Stockholmien.'<is Anno 1903 ; Notulis
Biographicis adjectis. Pp. 198 : cum 46 tabulis. (Acta Horti
Bei-giani, Band iii. No. 2.) 4to. Stocl-hohn, 1903. Author.

WoUey-Dod (Anthony Hurt). See Bolus (Harry). A List of the
Flowering Plants and Ferns of the Cape Peninsula, &c.

Wood (John Medley). Natal Plants. Vol. II. Parts 3, 4 ; Vol. IV.
Parts 1, 2. 4to. Durban, 1903-1904.

Eeport on Natal Botanic Grardeus and Colonial Herbarium,

from July 1st, 1902, to June 30th, 1903. 8vo. Durban, 1903.

Author.
York, Eastleigh, and Birmingham.
Watson Botanical Exchange Club.

Keports 19, 20. 8vo. Birmingham, 1903-1904.

H. S. Thompson.
Ziegler (Heinrich Ernst). Die ersten Eutwickelungsvorgiiuge des
Echinodermeneies, insbesoudere die Vorgiingc am Zellkorper.
(Denkscbr. medic. -uaturw. Ges. Jena, xi., Festschrift.)

fol. Jena, 1904.

Zimmermann (Albrecht). Botanical Microtechnique. A Hand-

Book of Methods for the preparation, staining, and microscopical

investigation of Vegetable Structures. Translated from the

German by James Ellis Humphrey. Pp. xii, 296 ; figs. 63.

8vo. London, 1896. A. W. Bawtree.

Einige pathologische en physiologische Waarnemingen

over Koffie. Pp. 105; plates 4. (Mededcel. uit 's Lands
Plantentuin te Buitenzorg, Ixvii.) 8vo. Batavia, 1904.

Zittel (Karl Alfred von). Ueber wissenschaftliche Wahrheit.
Eede in der offentlicheu Festsitzung der Akademie am 15.
November, 1902. Pp. 14. 4to. JIunchen, 1902.

Zoological Record. Vol. 39 (1902). 8vo. London, 1903.

68 PROCEEDINGS OP THE LINNEAN SOCIETY OE LONDOX.

DONATIONS IN AID OF PUBLICATIONS.

1903. £ s. <J.

June 16. Alebed O. Walker. Contribution in aid
of his paper on the Amphipoda of the
' Southern Cross ' Antarctic Expedition.
(Journ. Zool. vol. sxix. no. 187.) 10

Dec. 24. B. Arthur Benslet. Contribution towards
publication of his paper : " On the Evolu-
tion of Australian Marsupialia, etc."
(Trans. 2nd ser. Zool. vol. ix. part 3.) . . 44
1904.

Jan. 26. The Eotal Sooiett. Grant in aid of the
publication of Vol. III. of the Chinese
Flora. (Journ. Bot. vol. xxxvi.) 120

May 27. Walter S. Eowntree. Contribution in aid
of publication of his paper : " On some
Points in the Visceral Anatomy of the
Characinidse, &c." (Trans. 2nd ser. Zool.
vol. ix. part 2.) 6 6

INDEX TO THE PROCEEDINGS.

SESSION 1903-1904.

Note. — The following are not indexed : — The name of the Chairman at each meeting;
speakers wliose remarks are not reported ; and passing allusions.

Aberdeen, Stone-Crab from (Bulleu), 6.

Abnormal root of Dandelion (Drabble),
40.

Accounts, Annual, 14.

Acer monspessulamim (Reid), 12.

Additions to Library, 43.

Address, Presidential, 17-30.

Africa, West, Palcsmon from (De Man),
8.

Albino Mole (Bullen), 3.

Amentiferse, embryology (Benson &
Sanday), 3.

Amphipoda, Biscayau (Stebbing), 6.

Anderson, Prof. R. J., Flow of fluids
in plant-stems, 39.

Associates, Bye-Laws relating to Elec-
tion, 9.

Auditors, elected, 12,

Australian flowers, shown (Badams), 7.

Badams, L. T., West Australian flowers,

7-
Bagshot, albino Mole from (Bullen),

3-
Baker, E. G., Auditor, 12.
Baker, R. T., admitted, 39.
Balfour, Prof. I. B., gift of Balfour

Medal, 10.
Balfour, Prof. J. H., medal struck in

memory, 10.
Ballot for Council and Officers, 15-16;

for Councillor, 4.
Batesou, W., variation in Primula

shuims, 7.
Beans, bicarpellate (Drabble), 5.
Benson, M., & E. Sanday, on Carpimis,

3-

Bentley, B. H., admitted, i ; pollina-
tion of flowers, 2.

Bicarpellate Beaus (Drabble), 5.

BiS"en,R.H., Mendel's Laws and Wheat-
hybrids, 7.
Biscayan Plankton, I. (Fowler), II.

(Stebbing), 6 ; III. Chcetognatha

(Fowler), 39.
Black-Currant mite shown (Walker), 9.
Blackman, V. H. (comm. Rathbone), 4;

elected Councillor, 17 ; Scrutineer, 4.
Blaze-currents (Waller), 40.
Bonhote, J. L., admitted. 10 ; elected,

8.
Boodle, L. A., leaves of Bracken, 2 ;

secondary wood in Psilotum, S.
Botanic Illustration (Jackson), 9.
Botany, place of Linnseus in its history

(Olssou Sefi'er), 40.
Bouvier, E. L., elected For. Memb., 13.
Bracken, structure of leaves (Boodle), 2.
Brenes, Mantis eggs at (Bullen), 9.
British Freshwater Rhizopoda (Cash),

40 ; — Preglacial fruits and seeds, 12.
Broad, A., rudimentary horns of horse,

shown, I.
BuUace, seeds from Silchester (Reid),

12.
Bullen, Rev. A. B., albino Mole, 3 ;

Auditor, 12 ; cat with snake, 9 ;

egg-capsule of Mantis, 9 ; Northern

Stone-crab, 6 ; retired from Council,

16.
Bye-Laws, as to election of Associates,

9 ; resolution concerning, 38, 39.

Calculi from Horse (Popham), 40, 42.

Cancer (Farmer), 5.

Cape PolychiBta (Willey), 4.

Cardatninc pratcnsis, gall on flower-
bud (Walker), 39 ; viviparous (Wal-
ker), 39.

Car ices, Malayan (Clarke), 8.

70

IKDEX.

Carpinus Betulus (Benson & Sanday),

Carruthers, W., on portraits of Lin-
najus, 39; Scrutineer, 16; vote of
thanks to President, 1 6 ; vote of
thanks to Treasurer, 13.

Cash Collection of Coal-Measure plants,
mentioned, 2.

Cash, J., British Freshwater Rhizo-
poda, 40; paper postponed, 12.

Casuarina cquiseti folia, food-plant of
Clania (St ebbing), 10.

Cat and Snake (Bullen), 9.

Catlett, W. H., death announced, 13.

Cavers, F., elected, 4.

Chajtognatha, Biscayan (Fowler), 39.

Chamberlain, V. I., on new Bye-Laws,
38.

Charter, Supplemental, read, 13.

Cheeseman, W. N., elected, 3.

Chichester, C. R., withdrawn, 15.

Christy, T., enquiry as to new Bye-
Laws, 38 ; on calculi in horses at
Shanghai, 40.

Chun, C, elected For. Menib., 13.

Cladocei'a, Biscayan (Stebbing), 6.

Clania Cramcri (Stebbing), 10.

Clarke, C. B., Auditor, 12 ; on Malayan
Carices, 8.

Clitheroe, W., admitted, 4 ; elected, 3.

Coal-measures, mycorhiza from (Weiss),
2.

Coilodesme californica, (Rathbone), 4.

Collins, E. J., admitted, 4; elected, 3.

Confirmation of Minutes opposed, 9 ;
passed, 1 1 .

Coriander seeds from Silchester (Reid), 2.

Cosman, J. S., sketch of Dawson
Turner, 10. '

Cotoneastcr Pyracantha (Reid), 12.

Council elected, 15-16 ; resolution con-
cerning Bye-Laws, 38, 39.

Councillor elected, 4.
Crisp, F., elected Treasurer, 16; gift of
Supplemental Charter, 13; on Bye-
Laws governing the election of Asso-
ciates, 9; Vice-President, 38.
Crotch, W. D., death announced, 13.
Cupressics macrocarpa, gnaur on root, 9.
Currant-mites (Walker), 9.

Damson-stones from Silchester (Reid),

12.
Dandelion, abnormal root (Drabble), 40.
Davey, F. H., elected, 3.
De Man, J. C, on TalcBinon, 8.
De Vries, II., elected For. Memb., 13.
Deaths announced, 13.
Dennis, J. M., withdrawn, 1 5.
Dennis, W., admitted, i.
Derbyshire, bicarpellate baaus from, 6.

Discussion on new Bye-Laws, enquiry
as to, 38.

Dobson, Rev. J., fasciated rose, 3.

Docoglossa (Fleure), 5.

Donations, 68.

Drabble, Dr. E., abnormal root of
Dandelion, 40 ; bicarpellary beans,
5 ; roots of Palms, 4.

Druce, H., Auditor, 12.

Duthie, J. F., vote of thanks to Pre-
sident, 66.

Embryology of Carpinus (Benson &
Sanday), 3.

Enock, F., natural colour photography,
10.

Epilobium collinum, from Scotland
(Salmon), 6.

lanccolatum, mentioned, 7.

montamim, mentioned, 7.

Eriophyes rihis shown (Walker), 9.

ErysiphaccE, specialization of para-
sitism (Salmon), 7.

Eustace, Dr., frontal bones of Horse
with rudimentary horns, 2.

Evans, Major G. H., elected, 39.

Farmer, J. B., coram. CWaller), 40;
on cancer, 5.

Fasciated Rose shown (Gerard), 3.

Fawcett, W., & A. B. Ren die, Jamaican
species of Lepanthes, 40.

Fitzjohn, Miss, spider sent by, 5.

Fleure, H. J., on Docoglossa, 5.

Flow of fluids in plaut-stems (Ander-
son), 39.

Fluids in plaut-stems (Anderson), 39.

Foggitt, W., elected, 3.

Foreign Members elected, 1 3 ; deaths
reported, 13.

Foulkes, Rev. T., death announced, 15.

Fowler, Dr. G. H., admitted, 12 ;
Biscayan Oh^etognatha, 39; elected, 8.

Fowler, Rev. Canon, Scrutineer, i6.

Francis, W., obituary, 31.

Freshwater Rhizopoda (Cash), 40.

Fries, Prof. T. M., presentation of
Linnean portraits, 39.

Frontal bones of Horse with rudimen-
tary horns, i.

Fruits and seeds, fossil (Reid), 12.

Fry, Sir Edward, opinion as to Bye-
Laws, II ; thanks voted to, 11.

Fungus causing gnaurs (Percival), 5.

Fyson, P. F., elected, 12; admitted,
13-

Gall on Cardamine (Waller), 39.
Galton, J. C, death announced, 1 3.
Gatty, Dr. C. H., death announced, 13
obituary, 32.

INDEX.

71

Gegenbaiir, C, death announced, 15;

obituarj', 32.
Gerard, Eev. J., fasciated rose, 3.
Gik-lirist, J. D. F., elected, 10.
Gnaur on Ciiprcssi^f:, 5.
Green, Prof. J. E., retired from Council,

16.
Groom, Prof. P., vote of thanks to

President, 16.
Groves, H., Scrutineer, 16.
Giinther, Dr. A., elected Councillor, 16;

Linncan Medal presented, 16, 30;

Vice-President, 38.

Hair on neck of the Horse (Kidd), 40.

Hall, L. B., admitted, 6 ; elected, 5.

Haller, letter from Linnteus, 12 ; print-
ed, 41.

Hamilton, Dr. E., death announced, 13 ;
obituary, 33.

Hansen, A., on viviparj, mentioned, 39.

Harting, J. E., withdrawn, 15.

Henisley, \V. B.,Pri7nula vulgaris sent, 12.

Herdman, Prof. W. A. comm., (Fleure),
5; elected Councillor, 16 ; President.
16.

Heredity in Primula sinensis (Bateson).

Hill, M., elected, 3.

Hiudmarsli, W. T., photographs of
growing plants, 39.

History of Botany, Linnjeus's place in
(Olsson Seffer), 40.

Hole, E. S., elected, 12.

Hooker, Sir J. D., Lnpatiens in Wallich-
ian Colleetion, 39; portrait of Dawson
Turner, presented, 6.

Hopkinson, J., comm. (Cash), 40 ; vote
of thanks to President, 11, 16.

Hornell, J., elected, 8.

Horns, rudimentary, i.

Horse, arrangement of the hair on
neck (Kidd), 40 ; calculi from (Pop-
ham), 40, 42 ; rudimentary horns, 1.

Howes, Prof. G. B., Sec. resigned, 4.

Hvbrids, wlieat, and Mendel's Laws
"(Bilfen), 7.

Hyodontidte, skulls (Eidewood), 13.

Illustration, botanic (Jackson), 9.
Imjmticiis in Wallichian Collection

(Hooker), 39.
India, Monoplilebinae (Stebbing), 2.
luterglacial fruits and seeds (Eeid), 12.

Jackson, B. Daydon, Botanic Illustra-
tion from the 15th to 20th Centuries,
9 ; counn. (Olsson Seffer), 40 ; List of
Genera, by T. von Post, shown, 4 ; on
portraits of Linnajus, 39 ; on Post-
Office rooms, 12.

Jamaica, Lepanthrs from (Favvcett &

Eendle), 40.
Jerusalem, Spider from, 5.
Jones, C. E., stem of Lyeopodimn, lo.

Kellock, Dr. W. B., death announced, 13.
Kidd, Dr. W., arrangement of Hair on

the neck of the Horse, 40.
Krause, F. M., witlidrawn, 15.
Kuntze, O., his ideas on nomenclature

mentioned, 4.

Le Brocq, W. P. J., admitted, 12;
elected, 10.

Leaves of Bracken (Boodle), 2.

Lepanfhes, species in Jamaica (Fawcett
& Eendle), 40.

Libi-ai'ian's Eeport, 15.

Library, Additions, 43.

Linna?us, C, his place in the history
of Botany (Olsson Seffer), 40 ; letter
shown (Middleton), 12; printed, 41,
42 ; portraits presented (Fries), 39.

Liunean Medal presented, 16, 30.

Linnean MSS., aecess to, mentioned, 39.

Lithodes maia, shown (Bullen), 6.

Lycopodium, stem (Jones), 10.

Maclaren, N., admitted, 4.

Madras, Clauia from (Stebbing), 10.

Maidstone, Currant -mites near

(Walker), 9.
Malaya, Carices (Clarke), S.
Malta, fasciated rose from (Gerard), 3.
Mantis religiosa, egg-cases (Bullen), 9.
Mason, P. B., death announced, 13 ;

obituary, 34.
Massee, G., retired from Council, 16.
Masters, M. T., on fasciated rose, 3 ;

on Finns, 3.
Medal, Linnean, presented, i5, 30.
Mendel's Laws (Biffen), 7,
Michael, A. D., on albino Alole, 3.
Middleton, E. M., letter from Linnaeus

to Haller, 12 ; printed. 41-42 ; on

vote of thanks to the President, 11.
Milner, H. E., withdrawn, 15.
Minutes, confii-ination opposed. 9 ;

subsequently carried, 11.
Mole, albino (Bullen), 3.
Monckton, H. W., Scrutineer, 4.
Monophlchus, new (Stebbing), 2.
Moore, J. E. S., elected, 3.
Mormyridse, skulls (Eidewood), 13.
Mycorhiza from Coal-measures (Weiss),

2.
Myriacfis Arrsc-houyii (Eathbone), 4.

Xajas gruminca (Eeid), 12.
\ minor (Eeid), 12.

72

TT^DEX.

Now Guinea, P(77(??HO??, from (DeMan), 8.
Notoptericla3, skulls (Ridewood), 13.

Obituaries, 31-38.

Office of Works, H.M., re Post-Office

rooms, 12.
Officers elected, 16.
Olive, egg-cases of Mantis ou (BuUen),

9-
Olsson Seffer, P., Place of Linnasus in

history of Botany, 40.
Ough, L., withdrawn, 15.

Palwmon (Dc Man), 8.

Palms, roots (Drabble), 4.

Parasitism, specialization in Erysi-

phaceaj (Salmon), 7.
Parsons, F. Gr., comm. (Kidd), 40;

elected Councillor, 16.
Pearson, C. E., admitted, 12; elected, 10.
Penney, W., death announced, 1 5 ;

obituary, 35.
Percival, Prof. J., on gnaurs in Pinuf!, 5.
Phaseolus vulgaris, bicarpellate, 6.
Photographs of growing plants, shown,

39-
Photography, in natural colours (Enock),

10.
Phyllody of the calyx of Primrose, 12.
Pinus (Masters), 3.
Plankton, Biscayan (Fowler), 6, 39.
Plant-stems, flow of fluids in (Anderson),

39-
Pollination of flowers (Bentley), 2.
Polych£eta from the Cape (Willey), 4.
Popham, R. B., Calculi from Horse,

40 ; abstract, 42.
Portraits of Linna;us presented (Fries),

39-
Post-Office rooms, succession to, 12.
Post, Tom von, ' Genera' shown, 4.
Powell, L., death announced, 13.
Preglacial fruits and seeds (Reid), 12.
President, elected, 16.
Presidential Address, 17-30.
Primula deorum, Velen., photograph

shown (Hindmarsh), 39.

sinensis, variation (Bateson), 7.

y!(^^ar?s,phj'llody of the calyx, 12.

Psilotum triqwctrurii, secondary wood in

(Boodle), 8.
Pferis aquilina leaves (Boodle), 2.

Rainfall, probable cause of vivipary, 39.

Rathbone, M., on Mj/riactis, etc., 4.

Reid, C, drawings of fossil and semi-
fossil iVuits, 12.

Rendle, A. B., see Fawcett, W., & A.
B. Rendle.

Repeal of present Bye-Laws, resolution
on, 38, 39.

Report, Librarian's, 15.

, Secretaries', 13.

Rhizopoda, Freshwater (Cash), 40.
Bhodothamnus Chamcscistus, photograph

shown (Hindmarsh), 39.
Wiijnchosia cali/cina, Guill. & Perr.,

from Sierra Leone (Smith), 40.
Ridewood, Dr. W. G., comm. (Willey),

4; rudimentary horns in the horse, i ;

skulls of Mormyridas, 13.
Roman plants (Reid), 12.
Root of Dandelion (Drabble), 40.
Roots of Palms (Drabble), 4.
Rose, fasciated (Gerard), 3.

Saccharo7nyces Cerevisitp (Vines), 7.
Salmon, C. E., Epi/obium collimim from
! Scotland, 6.
Salmon, E. S., Parasitism of Erysi-

phaceffi, 7.
Sanday, E., see Benson, M., & E. Sanday,

3-
Sanger-Shepherd three-colour process,

10.
Scotland, Epilohitnn collinmn from

(Salmon), 7.
Scott, Dr. D. H., collection of Coal-
measure plants, mentioned, 2 ;

elected Secretary, 16.
Scrutineers appointed, 16; — Special

General Meeting, 4.
Secondary wood iu Psilotum (Boodle),

8.
Secretaries elected, 16.
Secretaries' report, 13.
Secretary, Rev. T. R. R. Stebbiug elected,

4-
Seeds and fruits, fossil, etc. (Reid), 12.
Sendall, Sir W. J., death announced,

13 ; obituary, 35.
Seward, A. C, Vice-President, 38.
Shanghai, calculi in horses at (Christy),

40; Palsmon from (De Man), 8.
Shelford, R. W. G., elected, 3.
Shortia uniflora, Maxim., photograph

shown (Hindmarsh), 39.
galacifolia, Torr. & Gray, men-
tioned, 39.
Sierra Leone, Bhynchosia cali/cina from

(Smith), 40.
Silchester, plants from (Reid), 12.
Skulls of Mormyridae (Ridewood), 13.
Smart, F. G., guaur on Cupressus, 5.
Smith, Canon F. C. Bht/nchosia caly-

cina from Sierra Leone, 40.
Snake and Cat (Bullen), 9.
Special General Meeting, 4.
Specialization of Parasitism in Erysi-

phaccfc (Salmon), 7.
Spider from Palestine, 5.
Sprague, T. A., admitted, 3 ; elected, i.

INDEX.

73

Spufford, Rev. H. T., admitted, lo ;

elected, 8.
Stacey, H. G., withdrawn, 15.
Stiipf, Dr. O., elected Cuuncillor, 16;

Primula vulgaris showing phyUody

of the (silyx, 12.
Stebbing, E. P., admitted, 5 ; Claiiia

Cramer i, 10; new MmiojMehus, 2.
Stebbing, Rev. T. R. R., Amphipoda and

Cladocera, 6 ; comni., (De Man) 8,

(Fowler) 6 ; elected Councillor and

Secretary, 4 ; elected Secretjiry, 1 6 ;

gnaur shown, 5.
Stems of plants, flow of fluids in

(Anderson), 39.
Stewart, S. A., elected Associate, 7.
Stone-crab shown (Bullen), 6.
Sussex, semi-fossil plants (Reid), 12.
Swinhoe, Col. C, retired from Council,

16.

Tahiti, Palcsmon from (De Man), 8.
Tanslej-, A. G., Scrutineer, 4.
Taraxacum officinale, Weber, abnormal

root (Drabble), 40.
Tegcnaria from Jerusalem, 5.
Thompson, I. C, death announced, 1 3 ;

obituary, 36.
Thorne, A., death announced, 13.
Trapa natans (Reid), 12.
Treasurer, accounts, 1 3 ; elected, 1 6 ;

Gift of Supplemental Charter, 1 3.
Treasury, H.M., on Post-Office I'ooms,

12.
Turner, Dawson, portrait presented

(Hooker), 10,

Variation in Primula sinensis (Bateson),
7.

Vedalia predaceous on Monophlebus
(Stebbing), 2.

Vegetable tissues, blaze - currents in
(Waller), 40.

Vice-Presidents appointed, 38.

Vine, seeds from Silchester (Reid), 12.

Vines, Prof. S. H., comm., (Bateson) 7,
(Biffen) 7 ; Correspondence with Sir
Edward Fry, 10-11; Physiology of
the Yeast-plant, 7 ; Vice-President,

38 ; vote of thanks on quitting office,
16.

Viviparous Gardamine (Walker), 39.

Wade, C. H., death announced, 13.
Walker, A. O., Cardamine viviparous,

39 ; gall on Cardamine, 39 ; currant-
mites shown, 9; retired from Council.
16.

Walker, C. E., elected, 5.

Waller, Dr. A. D., Blaze-currents of
Vegetable Tissues, 40.

Wallichian Collection, Impatiens in
(Hooker), 39.

Ward, C, death announced, 13.

Watson, W., declared elected an
Associate, 8.

Weiss, F. E., Mjcorhiza from Coal-
measures, 2.

Wheat - hybrids and Mendel's Laws
(Biffen), 7.

Willey, A., Polychieta from the Cape,

4-
Wood, secondary, in Psilotum (Boodle),

8.
Woronin, M., death announced, 15 ;

obituary, 37.

Yeast-plant, its physiology (Vines), 7.

PUINTEU UY T.VYLOK AND FUANCIS, KEU LION COUKT, FLEET STKEE*.

LIBRARY
OF THE

umvEMmr of iujnois

Proc. Linn, Soc, Session 1904-05.

FRANK CRISP, Esq.

J. P., LL.B., B.A.Lond.

Treasurer, 1881 — 1905.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON,

117th session.

From November 1904 to June 1905.

L N D Jn" :

r E 1 IS' T E D FOR THE L I N N E A N SOCIETY

BURLINGTON HOUSE, PICCADILLY, W.,

1905.

PKINTED BY TAVLOK AND FRANCIS,
KF.D IJOX COURT, FLEET STUEKT.

CONTENTS.

Page
Frontispiece.

List of Publications issued iv

Proceedings of the 117th Session i

President's Address 1 8

Obituaries 32

Abstracts of Papers 59

Additions to the Library 65

Donation 88

Index 89

IV

Publications of the Society issued during the period, 31st Jul}',
1904, to 31 st July, 1905 :—

Journal (Botany), No. 257, 1st Nov., 1904.

„ 258, 1st July, 1905.

„ (Zoology), No. 190, 1st Nov., 1904.

„ 191, 1st April, 1905.

„ 192, 14th July, 1905.

Transactions (2nd Ser. Botany), Ycl. YI. Part x., Oct. 1904.

XI., Mar. 1905.

YII. „ I., Dec. 1904.

II., Mar. 1905.

(2nd Ser. Zoology), Yol. IX. Part til, Nov. 1904.

„ Tin., Dec. 190i.

IX., July 1905.

Yol. X. „ I., Oct. 1904.

II., Nov. 1904.

„ itr., Jan. 1905.

Proceedings, llGth Session, 1903-1904, October 1904.

List of [Fellows, Associates, and Foreign Members], 1904-1905.

PROCEEDINGS

or THE

L1N;\EAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.

(ONE HUiNDEED AXD SEVENTEENTH SESSION,
1904-1905.)

November 3rd, 1904.

Prof. "W. A. Hhedman, F.R.S., President, in the Chair,

The Minutes of the Greiieral Meeting of the 16th June were
read and confirmed.

The Presideistt, in greeting the Fellows on the opening of the
Session, alluded to the welcome addition to the Society's rooms, by
the acquisition of the quarters formerly occupied by the Post Office,
and the consequent changes in the Library and Council Room.

Mr. Allan Octavian Hume, C.B., was admitted a Fellow.

Mr. Percy Appleyard, F.C.S., Mr. Richard Hind Cambage,
Mr. Thomas Bennett Goodall, and Mr. Richard Norris Wolfenden,
M.D. Cantab., were proposed as Fellows.

The Resolution of Council of the 2nd June, " That the existing
Bye-Laws of the Society be, and they are hereby, repealed, and
that the following Bye-Laws be established in lieu thereof,"' was
then introduced ; the President explaining that under the Charters
it was incumbent on the Council to present all new or changed
Bye-Laws to tlie Vote ot the Fellows by ballot, after being twice
read from the Chair: consequently no modification could take

LINN. SOC. PEOCEKD1N6S.— SESSION 1904-1905. b

2 PEOCEBDINGS OF THE

effect unless it passed through the stages indicated ; further, that
the Council had received certain suggestions which had been care-
fully considered but thought not essential to the proper working
oE the proposed Bye-Laws, even though some were verbal improve-
ments ; the Council had, in the new Bye-Laws, made as few changes
as possible, preserving the original text as far as practicable. He
took the feeling of the Meeting to be that the Bye-Laws should
be voted upon, as a whole, and on that basis the ballot would be
taken. The result was, in favour 72, against 4 ; whereupon the
President declared the new Bye-Laws to be confirmed by a large
majority.

Mr. G. Clabidge Druce, F.L.S., showed specimens of a new-
British Grass, Koeleria valcsiaca, Gaud., which he had found in
the Herbarium of Dillenius at Oxford, and recently refound in
the original locality at Brean Down, Somersetshire, which was
originally given as "Brent" Down. Dr. Stapf and Mr. Henry
Groves contributed some remarks.

The Eev. John Geeaed, S.J., F.L.S., brought specimens of a
proliferous Plantain (Plantago major) from the neighbourhood of
Clitheroe, Lancashire. He drew attention to the figures of the
plant in Lobel and Pena's 'Adversaria' and Dodoen's 'Pemptades,'
which latter block reappeared in Lobel's ' Observationes ' and
'Icones,' and Johnson's edition of Gerard's 'Herbal ' in 1633; the old
herbalists spoke of it as the " Besome plantain with spoky tufts."
He also drew attention to later figures, in Masters's ' Teratology '
and the ' Gardeners' Chronicle,' ser. II. xih. (1880) p. 364,
figs. 65, 66. The point of interest seemed to be that this proli-
ferous tendency was transmitted by seed, for a seedling of the
original plant was also shown. A discussion followed in which
Mr. G. C. Druce, Mr. E. M. Holmes, Mr. J. Britten, and Prof. H.
Marshall Ward engaged, the last remarking that the })lant in
question offered specially good material for experiments as to
mutation.

Mr. Prank Ceisp, Treas.L.S., brought for exhibition a flower of
JSchubertia graveolens, liudl., an Asclepiad, which, deprived of its
corolla and a portion of its calyx cut away, viewed from the side,
presented the genitalia in the shape of a skull. Prof. E. B.
Poulton briefly commented on this exhibition, as an illustration
of mimetic resemblance, paralleled by certain Lepidopterous
markings.

The following papers were read : —

1. " A Note on some Points in the Structure of the Gill of the
Ceylon Pearl-Oyster." By the President.

LINNEi-ir SOCIETY OF LONDON.

2. " SomP Notes on the ' Sudd ' Formation of the Upper Nile."
By A. F. Broun. (Communicated by C. II. Wright, A.L.S.)

3. " On Brvozoa from near Cape Horn." Bv A. W. AVaters,
F.L.S.

Noyember 17th, 1904.

Prof. "W. A. Hehdman, F.R.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 3rd November wera
read and confirmed.

Mr. John Edmund Sliorec Moore, and Mr. Henry Deane of
Sydney, New South Wales, were admitted Fellows.

IJer Grace Mary du Caurroy Kussell, Duchess of Bedford, Miss
Margaret Benson, D.Sc. Lond., Mr. Stafford Edwin Chandler,
B.vSc, Mrs. Catherine Crisp, Miss Alice Laura Embleton, B.Sc,
Mrs. Alarian Sarah Ogilvie Farquharson, F.E.M.S., of Haughtou,
Mrs. Grace Coleridge Franklaud, F.E.M.S., Mrs. Maria Matilda
Ogilvie Gordon, Ph.D. Munich, D.Sc. Lond., Miss Gulielma
Lister, Miss Ethel Sargant, Mr. Arthur Everett Shipley, M.A.,
F. U.S., Miss Sarah Marianne Silver, Mrs. Constance Percy Sladen,
Miss Annie Lorrain Smith, Mrs. Mary Anne Stebbing, Miss
Emma Louisa Turner, Mr. William James Tutcher, Mrs. Lilian
Jane Veley, and Miss Ellen Ann Willmott, were proposed as
Fellows.

Mr. H. E. H. Smedley, F.L.S. , F.G.S., exhibited forty-one
Models of Palaeozoic Seeds and Cones, including those of the
following : — Palceostachya, Calamostachys, Cingularia, Cheiro-
strobus, Sigillariostrohus, Spencerites, Bennettites, Lagenostoma, and
others. The models of the seeds show the complexity of their
interual structure, whilst those of the synthetically re-constructed
Calamitean and other cones display the high organization of the
vascular Cryptogams of Palaeozoic times.

A discussion followed in which Dr. D. H. Scott, Professor J. B.
Farmer, and the President took part.

The following papers were read : —

1. "Note on the Shape of the Stems of Plants." By the
Et. Hon. Lord Avebary, F.E.S., F.L.S.

2. " Observations on some uudescribed or little-known Species
of Hemiptera-Homoptera of the Family Membracidae." By
G. Bowdlei- Buckton, F.R.S., F.L.S.

62

4 PBOCEBDINGS OF THE

December 1st, 1904.

Prof. W. A. Herdman, F.R.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 17th November
were read and confirmed.

Mr. Eardley Wihnot Blomtield Holt and Miss Emiha Prances
Noel were proposed as Pellows.

Mr. Percy Appleyard, F.C.S., Mr, Pichard Hind Cambage,
Mr. Thomas Bennett Goodall, and Mr. Eichard Norris Wolfenden,
M.D.Cautab., were severally balloted for and elected.

The Meeting having been made Special in pursuance of notice
sent to all Fellows in the United Kingdom, the President opened
the Ballot for five additional Members of Council, in accordance
with the provisions of the Supplemental Charter. The Ballot being
closed, the President nominated Mr. Herbert Druce, Mr. Henry
Groves, and Mr. A. O. Walker, Scrutineers ; and the votes having
been examined and reported to the President, he announced that
Mr. Eichard Assheton, M.A., Eev. Canou W. W. Fowleh, M.A,,
Mr. H. W. MoNCKTON, F.G.S., Prof. F. W. Oliver, D.Sc, and
Dr. A. B. Eenhle, M.A., had been elected Members of the
Council.

Mr. John Clayton, F.L.S., pi'esented a series of photographs
with lithographed text, entitled " The Sequoias, with special
reference to the section of the Big-Tree ' Mark Twain,' " which
tree afforded the sections in the Jesup Collection in New York,
and at the British Museum (Natural History); the history and
details of these were given. A discussion followed, Mr. H. J.
Elwes, Eev. T. E. E. Stebbing, and Mr. H. W. Monckton taking
part.

Prof. S. H. Vines, F.E.S., V.P.L.S., then gave a discourse on
" Proteid Digestion in Animals and Plants." (See Abstract ou

P- 59-)

December 15th, 1904.

Prof. W. A. Hekdman, F.E.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 1st December were
read and confirmed.

Mr. T. B. Goodall, Mr. C. E. Walker, and Dr. E. N. Wolfenden
were admitted Fellows.

Miss Lilian Suzette Gibbs, Mrs. Henderina Victoria Scott,
Mr. Charles Blades Coverdale Storey, and Prof. Eichard Henry
Yapp were proposed as Fellows.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 5

Her Grace Mary du Caurroy Russell, Duchess of Bedford,
Miss Margaret Benson, D.Sc.Lond., Mr. Stafford Edwiu Chandler,
B.Sc, Mrs. Catherine Crisp, Miss Alice Laura Einbleton, B.8c.,
Mrs. Grace Coleridire Frankland, F.E.M.S., Mrs. Maria Matilda
Ogilvie Gordon, Ph.D. Munich, D.8c. Lond., Miss Gulielma Lister,
Miss Ethel Sargant, Mr. Arthur Everett Shipley, M.A.,F.R.S., Miss
Sarah Marianne Silver, Mrs. Constance Percy Sladen, Miss Annie
Lorrain Smith, Mrs. Mary Anne Stebbing, Miss Emma Louisa
Turner, Mr. AVilliara James Tutcher, Mrs. Lilian Jane Veley, and
Miss Ellen Ann Willmott, were severally balloted for and elected.

Mr. W. G. Freeman, F.L.S., exhibited the fresh fruit of
Sechnim edule, Sw., from the West Indies, and remarked upon its
precocious germination. Mr. H. J. Elwes and Mr. C. B. Clarke
contributed some further remarks.

Mr. Thomas Christy, F.L.S., brought two samples for exhibi-
tion of the so-called "Root" or " Grass"' rubber from the French
Congo, believed to be derived from Landolpliia r^oWojm, Dewevre;
Mr. E. M. Holmes added a few observations.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On the (Ecology of Woodland Plants in the Neighbourhood
of Huddersheld." By Thomas W. Woodhead, F.L.S.

2. " Experimental Studies on Heredity in Rabbits." By Charles
Chamberlain Hurst, F.L.S.

January 19th, 1905.

Prof. W. A. Herdman, F.R.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 15th December
were read and confirmed.

Mrs. Catherine Crisp, Mrs. Constance Percy Sladen, Miss Ellen
Ann Willmott, Miss Emma Louisa Turner, Mrs. Mary Anne
Stebbing, Miss Sarah Marianne Silver, Mrs. Lilian Jane Veley,
Miss Margaret Benson, Miss Annie Lorrain Smith, Miss Gulielma
Lister, and Miss Ethel Sargant were admitted Fellows.

Mr. Thomas Vere Hodgson and Miss Viola Annette Latham,
M.D., were proposed as Fellows.

Mr. Eardley Wilmot Blomfield Holt and Miss Emilia J^^rances
Noel w^ere elected Fellows.

The Rev. T. R. R. Stebbing exhibited and explained specimens
of Crustacea, in various ways remarkable for structure, habits,

O PROCEEDINGS OF THE

habitat, or colouring, collected by Dr. Gilchrist, F.L.S. (South
Africa), W. E. Forrest, Esq. (\Yest Indies), Dr. Cliarles Hose, D.Sc.
(Borneo), C. J. (Saunders, Esq. (Singapore), P. W. Bassett-Smith,
Esq., E.N. (Diego Garcia), W. Boyd, Esq., F.E.S.E., W. Bruce,
Esq., E. Mello Saunders, Esq. (Xorthern and Arctic localities), and
G. Eddison, Esq. (Nottinghamshire).

The specimens shown included many representative crabs,
delicate or massive, some with tall sponges growing on their backs,
some equipped for vigorous motion; a '•calling-crab" with one
arm abnormally large ; an old truculent-looking land-crab ; a new
stone-crab from the South Atlantic; a AVest Indian " hermit" of
exceptional size ; a " mother-lobster '' with its gastric apparatus
inverted ; several craAv-fishes ; the little red Cape lobster ; cray-
fishes ; a new African river-prawn of a beautiful blue colour ; the
gigantic South American prawn, Palcemon jamaicensis ; Squillidae,
Isopods, and Amphipods, with a thread-like Oaprellid from
Kerguelen among them. The series was intended to illustrate the
wonderful diversity of forms developed in the Malacostraca, all
traceable by modifications easily intelligible to a very simple
original.

Various crustacean parasites of northern and southern whales
were also exhibited, and a curious mimetic parasite from the sun-tish.

Lastly, Mr. Stebbing made an appeal for information in regard
to the distribution of the river (3rayfish in the Midland and
Northern counties of England.

A discussion followed, in which the Eev. J. Gerai'd, S.J.,
Mr. H. J. Elwes, the Treasurer, the President, and Mr. V. I.
Chamberlain took part, the Eev. T. E. E. Stebbing i*eplying.

Dr. Augustine Henrt then gave a discourse on " Botanical
Collecting," to which Prof. S. H. Vines, Mr. H. J. Elwes, and
Dr. Tempest Anderson (a visitor) couti'ibuted some remarks.
(See Abstract, p. 62.)

The follovi-ing paper was read : —

" On the Cranial Osteology of the Families Osteoglossidae,
Pantodontidse, and Phractolsemidae." By Dr. W. G. Eidewood,
F.L.S.

February 2nd, 1905.

Prof. W. A. Hebdmaf, F.E.S., President, in the Chaii*.

The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 19th January were
read and confirmed.

Mr. Eardley Wilmot Blomfield Holt, Miss Emilia Frances Noel,
Miss Alice Laura Embleton, Mr. William James Tutcher, and
Mr. Stafford Edwin Chandler were admitted Fellows.

LINNBAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 7

Miss Emily Mary Berridge, B.Sc. (Lond.), Mr. Frederick Hugh
Capron, B.A. (Oxon.), Miss Helen Charlotte Isabella Eraser,
B.Sc. (Lend.), and Miss Dorothea Frances Matilda Pertz wei'e
proposed as Fellows.

Miss Lilian Suzette Gibbs, Mrs. Henderina Victoria Scott,
Mr. Charles Blades Coverdale Storey, and Prof. Eichard Henry
Tapp, M.A. (Cantab.) were severally balloted for and elected
Fellows.

The President having announced that the Council had ap-
proached Her Majesty the Queen, with the view of obtaining Her
Majesty's consent to become an Honorary Member under the
provisions of the Supplemental Charter and New Bye-Laws, read
the following letter from the Queen's Private Secretary, all the
Fellows present upstanding in their places ; —

Buckingham Palace,
27th Jan., 1905.
SiB,

I have had the honour of submitting your letter and Reports
to the Queen. I am commanded to inform you that Her Majesty
will be pleased to comply with your request to become an Hon.
Member of the Linnean Society.

I am. Sir,

Tour obedient Servant,

B. Daydon Jackson, Esq., (Signed) Sidney Gbeville.

Gen. Secretary.

The President then read the letter which he proposed to send
in consequence of the foregoing :

Linnean Society,

Burlington House, London, W.

3rd February, 1905.

To the Queen's Most Excellent Majesty.

MjLDAm,

I have the honour to state that the gracious expression of
Tour Majesty's wish to become an Honorary Member of this
Society was duly communicated to the Greneral Meeting of the
Linnean Society of London held yesterday at Burlington House,
and was received with acclamation, the Fellows all upstanding in
their places.

The Roll of the Society will be submitted for signature at Tour
Majesty's pleasure.

I remain, Madam, with the deepest respect,

Tour Majesty's most dutiful and most obedient Servant,

(Signed) William A. Herdman,
President,
Linnean Society of London.

8 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE

The following papers were read : —

1. "Descriptions of New Chinese Plants." Bv William James
Tutcher, F.L.8.

2. " Revision of the European Marine Forms of the Cirolanince,
a Subfamily of Crustacea Isopoda." Bv Dr. H. J. Hausen,
F.M.L.S.

February 16th, 1905.
Prof. S. H. Vines, F.K.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 2nd February were
read and confirmed.

Mrs. Henderina Victoria Scott and Mr. Charles Blades Coverdale
Store}' were admitted.

Mr. Johannes Gossweiler and Miss Edith Eebecca Sauuders
were proposed as Fellows.

Mr. Thomas Vere Hodgson and Miss Viola Annette Latham,
M.D., were severally balloted for and elected Fellows.

The Vice-Peesident in the Chair then read the following letter
from the Private Secretary of H.M. the Queen, in reply to the
President's letter dated 3rd February : —

Buckingham Palace,
3rd Feb., 1905.

SlE,

I have had the honour of presenting your letter on behalf of
the Linuean Society to the Queen.

1 am commanded to express Her Majesty's thanks.

I am, Sir,

Tour obedient Servant,

W. A. Herdman, Esq. (Signed) Sidney Geetille.

Four vacancies in the List of Foreign Members were announced
from the Chair, due to the deaths of Dr. Michael Woeonin,
Dr. EuDOLPH Amandus Philippi, Prof. Eduaed von Maexens,
and Dr. Beenaed Eenault.

A circular from the Societe de Physique et d'Histoire Naturelle
de Geneve, announcing that the A. P. de Candolle prize of 500 francs
will be awarded for the best unpublished monograph of a genus or
order of plants, was also laid before the Society.

HNXEA;y SOCIETY OF LONDGX. 9

The following Kesolutioii was put from the Chair, and adopted
unanimously : —

" The Fellows of the Linnean Society in General Meeting
assembled, February 16, lUOo, express their profound sympathy
with Mrs. Howes in her recent bereavement, their admiration
for the distinguished career of her late husband, Professor
Thomas George Bo>d Howes, F.E.8., and their gratitude
for the long and energetic service w hich he rendered to the
Society as its Zoological Secretary."

Miss E. WiLLMOTX, F.L.S., exhibited thirty water-colour drawings
of Eoses by Alfred Parsons, A.R.A., drawn at Great Warley, for
her forthcjming volume on the genus Eosa, together with some
chromo-lithographs of extreme excellence for the same volume.

Messrs. H. J. Elwes, J. G. Baker, and H. Groves raised a
discussion on some points suggested by the drawings, to which
Miss Willmott replied.

The following papers were read : —

1. " A Eevised Classification of Roses." Bv John Gilbert Baker,
F.E.S., F.L.S.

2. " The Botany of the Anglo-German Uganda Boundary
Commission.'' By Edmund G. Baker, F.L.S., S. L. Moore, F.L.S. ,
and Dr. A. B. Eeudle, F.L,8.

March 2nd, 1905.
Prof. W. A. Herdman, F.E.S., President in the Chair.

The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 16tli February were
read and confirmed.

Mr. William Norwood Cheeseman was admitted a Fellow.

Marian, Lady Busk, Miss Lilian Jane Clarke, Miss Gabrielle
Louise Caroline Matthaei, Mr. Eeginald Innes Pocoek, F.Z.S.,
and Mr. AVilliam Wise wei'e proposed as Fellows.

Dr. Paul Friedrich August Ascherson, Berlin ; Dr. Gottlieb
Haberlandt, Graz ; Prof. Ambrosias Arnold Willem Hubrecht,
Utrecht ; and M. Charles Eene Zeiller, Paris, were proposed as
Foreign Members.

Miss Emily Mary Berridge, B.Sc, Mr. Frederick Hugh Capi'on,
B.A., Miss Helen Charlotte Isabella Eraser. B.Sc, and Miss Dorothea
Frances Matilda Pertz were severally balloted for and elected
Fellows.

Mr. D. FiXLATSON, F.L.S., exhibited and explained the Ashe-
Finlayson " Comparascope," for displaying two objects in the same

lO PROOEEDINQS OF THE

magnified field, this being attained by a secondary stage and objective
at right-angles to the primary instrument, the rays being transmitted
up the body of the microscope through a right-angled prism, and
clearness of the two images preserved by means of a diaphragm
placed longitudinally in the microscope-tube.

A discussion followed in which Dr. W. G. Eidewood, Dr. D. H.
Scott, Rev. T. E, E. Htebbing, and the President joined. Criticism
was cliiefly directed to the hybrid term for the invention, and
" Synoptoscope " or " Synthetoscope " was suggested in its place.

The following papers were read : —

1. "On Zoological Nomenclature: International Eules and
others." By the Eev. Thomas E. E. Stebbing, Zool.Sec.L.Soc.

2. "Biscayan Plankton.— Part IV. The Thaliacea." By Dr.
George Herbert Fowler, F.L.S.

March 16th, 1905.
Prof. W. A. Herd MAN, P.E.S., President, in the Chair,

The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 2ud March were
read and confirmed.

Miss Emily Mary Berridge and Mr. Frederick Hugh Capron
wei'e admitted Fellows.

Mr. Arthur James Dicks, B.Sc.Lond., and Mrs. Maude Muff
were proposed as Fellows.

Mr. Johannes Gossweiler and Miss Edith Eebecca Saunders
were elected Fellows.

The President announced that the Council had appointed a
Committee to consider the question of Zoological Nomenclature
discussed at the last meeting ; also, iu view of the interest dis-
played at a previous meeting on the subject of fficology, a
discussion had been arranged for the 4th May, to be opened by
Mr. A. G. Tansley.

Mrs. D. H. Scott, F.L.S., exhibited animated photographs of
plants taken by the kammatograph, showing the natural move-
ments of the plants accelerated so as to be readily followed
by the eye.

The plates shown were ; —

1 & 2. Sparmannia africana, showing the opening of the
flower-bud, the movements of the stamens, and the
closing of the flowers at night.

3. Sensitive plant, Mimosa pudica, showing the movements
of the leaves on stimulation.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. II

4. Fuchsia, sliowing the opening of Iaao buds into flower

during KJ days, the l)ursting of the stamens and the
growth of the style between them.

5. Maurandia, sliowiug the circumnutation of the stem and

two young petioles twining round a stick.

6. Crocvs : development of a bud and the opening and closing

movements of the flower.

7. Olivia : opening of the flower-buds.

8. Uippeastrum : growth of stamens and style and development

of the stigma.

9. A humble-bee fertilizing a Scabious flower.

A discussion followed, in which Dr. Scott, Eev. T. E.. E. Stebbiug,
Mr. E. M. Holmes, Mr. J. Hopkinson, and the President took
part, Mrs. Scott replying to the questions put.

Mr. EuPEET Vallextin, F.L.S., showed a series of thirty
lantern-slides, from photographs taken by himself, of bird-life in
the Falkland Islands : — (1) The Kelp Goose, Chloephaga antarctica,
with the dissimilar coloration of the two sexes, feeding on Por-
phyra vulgaris, a very abundant seaweed between tide-marks in
those regions. (2) Phalacrocorax magellanicus and P. imperialis
basking in the sun, and on their nests. (3) The Mollymauk,
Diomedea clilororhynclia, which breeds on the outlying islands of
the group. (4) The Penguins whose headquarters seem to be
these islands, the Geutoo, Pygosceles tceniata, their nests being
made on peaty soil, packed with twigs of Empetrum nigrum or
Poa ccFspitosa, the Tussock Grass. (5) The Eockhopper Penguin,
Eudyptes chi-ysocome, which assembles in the breeding-season by
thousands in rookeries. Concerning this species, a series of rock-
specimens were shown, some merely polished, others deeply
grooved, as if by the claws of the Penguins when walking up the
pathways to their rookerv.

The President, the EeV. T. E. E. Stebbing, Mr. A. O. Walker,
and Mr. A. D. Michael engaged in a discussion, and Mr. Valleutin
replied.

The following paper was read : —

" Contributions to the Flora of Liberia." By Dr. Otto Stapf.
F.L.S.

April 6th, 1905.
Mr. A. C. Sewakd, F.E.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 16th March were
read and confirmed.

Miss Helen Charlotte Isabella Fraser, Miss Dorothea Frances

12 PROCEEDINf4S OF THE

Matilda Pertz, and Miss Edith Rebecca Saunders were admitted
Eellows.

Mr. Edward Eussell Burdon, B.A., Miss Kate Marion Hall,
and Mr. Frederick William Lucas were proposed as Fellows.

Marian, Lady Busk, Miss Lilian Jane Clarke, Mr. Reginald
Innes Pocock, F.Z.S., and Mr. William Wise were elected
Fellows.

The xluditors for the Society's Financial Tear ending 30th April
were nominated, and elected by show of hands, as follows : —

For the Council, Mr. H. W. Monckton and Mr. Gr. S. Saunders ;
for the Fellows, Mr. H. Druce and Mr. H. G-roves.

Mr. W. BoTTi]N^G Hemsley, F.R.S., F.L.S., exhibited a number
of specimens and drawings of pitchers of Nepenthes, supplemented
by slides, prepared by Mr. L. Farmar, to illustrate the various
types of pitchers and their glandular sj^stems. Glands are
present on almost all parts of pitcher-plants, from the stems
to the flowers, and they vary very much in structure, but there
are only two classes, namely attractive and digestive. The former
are generally distributed over the plant except the inside of the
pitcher, where the digestive glands alone occur. The pitcher is an
appendage of the leaf, borne on a prolongation of the midrib,
which often acts as a tendril ; it consists of a tubular or inflated
body with two interior longitudinal ribs, which often develop into
elegant fringed wings, and one posterior rib, uhich usually termi-
nates in a spur, running out just below the hinge of the lid or
operculum. The mouth of the pitcher is surrounded by a more
or less elaborately constructed collar or peristome.

A new species. Nepenthes MacfarJanei, differs from all other
known species, except N. Lowii, in the underside of the lip being
thickly beset with stiff bristles, interspersed with honey-glands.
The function of the bristles in this position is not obvious ; but
Avould seem to be preventative to flying insects, though ants might
creep amongst them and drink the honey. The pitchers of
N. Macfarlanei, as probably of all other species, are of two kinds,
apart from those on the young seedlings. In some, perhaps only
the intermediate ones, the whole of the inner surface is covered
with digestive glands and the antei'ior ribs are not winged ; in
others, the upper part of the inner surface is perfectly smooth,
forming what is termed the conductive zone to the glandular
or retentive zone ; the anterior I'ibs are developed into fringed
wings, and the collar has an upward elongation where the lid is
attached. The honey-glands on the underside of the lip are very
prominent, oval or circular in outline, surrounded by a raised rim
and from -^-^ to yV of an inch in diameter. The digestive glands
are gradually smaller from the base upwards, and vary from about
2000 to 5000 to the square inch. These glands are many-celled,
ovoid or spherical in shape, and, in consequence of the unequal

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 1 3

growth of the tissues in which they are embedded, they are more
or less ovei'-arched, the openiug of the arch looking downwards.
The surface of the tissue is hard and polished, quite smooth to the
finger moving in a downward direction, and rougli to the finger,
from the sharp edges of the arches, moving in an upward
direction. JV. Lowii has much larger, differently shaped pitchers,
constricted in the mitldle, with sunken honey-glands on the
lid as much as y^ inch in diameter and a very small pore-
opening. The digestive glands in the lower part of the pitcher
are pentagonal to heptagonal in shape, \\ ith a raised, hard rim all
round. The collar is the simplest in the genus, but it has a
prominent, single series of perithecoid honey-glands near its inner
margin.

N. lidjah, in a wild state at least, has sometimes a total length
of leaf and pitcher of betvxeen five and six feet, with a very
elaborate collar and a corab-like inner margin and solitary honey-
jj;lands, reached by a tunnel-like opening between the teeth ; the
largest pitchers have a capacity of two tpiarts. In N. echinostoma
the collar consists of several series of combs, directed inwards and
downwards, with a similar honey -gland in eacli tooth. iV. Ed-
ivardsiana has a relatively narrow pitcher sometimes as much as
two feet long, and the collar iias thin transverse rings that are
A'ery distinctive. The collar of iV. echinostoma is remarkable in
having about four series of flattened spines, projecting inwards
and downwards ; each spine has an apic-al pore, the opening to a
deeply seated honey-gland. In all other species the glands are
between the teeth or spines. The digestive glands in the upper
part of the retentive zone of this pitcher are very small, and
number about 15,000 to the square inch. JV. Northiuna and
N. Feitchii have remarkable broad turn-down, plaited, scolloped
collars ; N. hicalcarata is remarkable in having two very sharj)
spurs springing from near the hinge of the lid and projecting over
the mouth of the pitcher; N. celehica has a horn-like appendage
on the lid at a point opposite the hinge.

The complex arrangements favour the descent of insects and
other creatures into the pitchers, and hinder almost all visitors
from getting out again ; once in, there is little hope of escape.
A few hybrids were also shown, notably one named " Sir William
Tliiselton-Dyer," which has produced the largest pitcher known
in cultivation, being a pint and three-quarters in capacity.

The following papers were read : —

1. " On the Axillary Scales of certain Aquatic Monocotyledons."
By Prof. R. J. Harvey Gibson, F.L.S.

2. "A fui'ther Contribution to the Stiidv of Pelomyxa palustris
(Greeff)." By Mrs. Lilian J. Veley, F.L.S.

3. " On Mansonieae, a new Tribe of the Natural Order
Sterculiaceffi." Bv Lt.-Col. David Praiu, I.M.S., F.ll.S., F.L.S.

14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

May 4th, 1905.
Prof. W. A. Heedman, P.E.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the Greneral Meeting of the 6th April were
read and conflrmed.

The Rev. William Jenkins Webb Anderson, B.M., B.S.,
Patshan Hospital, Canton, and Mr. Hugh Praser Macmillan,
Curator of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya, Ceylon, were
proposed as Fellows.

Mr. Arthur James Dicks and Mrs. Maude Muff were elected
Fellows.

Prof. Paul Friedrich August Ascherson, Prof. Gottlieb Haber-
landt, Prof. Ainbrosius Arnold Willem Hubrecht, and Prof.
Charles Rene Zeiller were elected Foreign Members.

The following papers were read : —

1. "The Botany of Gough Island. — Part I. Phanerogams and
Ferns.'' Bv R. N. Rudmose Brown, B.Sc. (Communicated by
W. B. Hemsley, F.R.S., F.L.8.)

2. " The Study of Vegetation : its present Condition and
probable Development." By Prof. A. G. Tansley, F.L.S.

.3. " Biscayan Plankton .---Part V. The Schizopoda." By Messrs.
E. W. L. Holt and W. M. Tattersall. (Communicated by Dr. G.
Herbert Fowler, F.L.S.)

May 24th, 1905.

Anniversary Meeting.

Prof. W. A. Herdman, F.R.S., President, in the Chair.

The Minutes of the General Meeting of the 4th May were read
and conlirmed.

Mr. Reginald Innes Pocock, F.Z.S., Mrs. Maude MuflF, Miss
Lilian Jane Clarke, Mrs. Maria Matilda Ogilvie Gordon, D.Sc.
Lond., Ph.D. Munich, Her Grace the Duchess of Bedford,
Lady Busk, Mr. William Wise, and the Rev. William Moyle
Rogers were admitted Fellows.

The Treasurer then laid his Annual Statement of Accounts
before the Fellows, as shown on p. 15, and the President having
spoken briefly, Mr. Henry Groves moved, and Prof. F. W. Oliver,
F.R.S., seconded, " That the Treasurer's statement be adopted,"
which was carried.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.

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PBOCEEDINGS OE THE

Prof. S. H. Vines, F.R.S., in an appreciative review of the
Treasurer's record, then moved the following Resolution : —

That the best thanks of the Society be given to Mr. Frank
Crisp, the retiring Treasurer, for his valued services during
nearly a quarter of a century, and his many muuificent
benefactions during his term of office, amongst which the
gift of the cost of the Supplemental Charter is not the least.

Whilst regretting his retirement from the office he has so
ably filled, the Society trusts that he may for many years
continue to enjoy the leisure from official duties whici) he
has so justlj earued.

The General Secretary seconded the motion, remarking that the
honour of doing so devolved upon him as being contemporaneously
an officer during the whole of Mr. Crisp's Treasurership, and he
found additional sources of gratification in that he had for two
months before Mr. Crisp's election acted as Treasurer after the
death of Mr. Frederick Currey, and in the fact that they had
known each other from boyhood.

The President having added his appreciation, the motion was
carried unanimously, the Pellows rising in their places.

The General Secretary read his report of deaths, withdrawals,
and elections as follows.

Since the last Anniversary Meeting 19 Fellows have died, or
their deaths been ascertained : —

Mr. John Birkett.

Dr. Joao Francisco Braga.

Eev. Ihomas William Daltry.

Mr. James Epps.

Mr. William Ferguson.

Mr. VVickham Flower.

Mr. Alexander Fry.

Mr. John Home.

Prof. Thomas George Bond

Howes.
Lieut.- Col. Leonard Howard

Loyd Irby.

Sir Hugh Low.

Mr. J. George Luehmann.

Mr. Bobert McLachlan.

Mr. William Paul.

Eev. Thomas Arthur Preston.

Mr. Alfred Sanders.

Mr. Joim Charles Sawer.

Mr. Stephen William

Silver.
Eev. Francis Augustus

W'alker.

Foreign Membebs (4)

Prof. Eduard von Martens.
Prof. Alpheus Spring Packard.

Dr. Eiidolph A. Philippi.
Dr. Bernard Eenault.

The following 8 Fellows have resigned :•

Mr. Arthur Bennett.
Mr. Arthur Crabtree.
Mr. Charles Curtis.
Dr. Henry Guard Knaggs.

Mr. Eobert Morton Middleton.
Mr. Charles Sharp.
Mr. Edward Alfred Webb.
Mr. James Thompson Wilshire.

LINNBAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 1 7

And 43 Fellows (of whom -41 have qualified) and 4 Foreign
Members have been elected.

The Librarian's report was read as follows : —

During the past year 69 Volumes and 103 Pamphlets have been
received as Donations from Private Individuals.

From the various Universities, Academies, and Scientific
Societies 265 volumes and 127 detached parts have be^n received
in exchange and otherwise, besides 68 volumes and 42 parts
obtained by exchange and as Donations from the Editors and
Proprietors of independent Periodicals.

The Council has sanctioned the purchase of 175 volumes and
108 parts of important works.

The total additions to the Library are therefore 577 volumes
and 380 separate parts.

The number of Books bound during the year is as follows : —
Li half-morocco 325 volumes, in half-calf 9 volumes, in full cloth
184 volumes, in vellum 28 volumes, in buckram 36 volumes, in
boards or half-cloth 21 volumes. Relabelled (half-morocco and
cloth backs) 54 volumes. Total 657 volumes.

The General Secretary having read the Bye-Laws governing the
Elections, the President opened the business of the day, and the
Fellows present proceeded to vote for the Council. The Ballot
for the Council having closed, the President appointed Dr. Braith-
waite, Col. Beddome, and Mr. AVilfred Mark Webb, Scrutineers,
and the numbers having been counted and reported to the President,
he declared the result as follows : —

Councillors retired : — Dx\ A. C. L. G. Gunthee, F.R.S., Prof.
F. G. Parsons, F.Z.S., Mr. G. S. Saundees, F.E.S., Mr. A. C.
Seavaed, F.R.S., and Prof. S. H. Vines, F.R.S. ; and the following
were elected in their room : — Dr. Gilbert C. Bourne, Dr. Horace
T. Brown, F.E.S., Mr. Clement Keid, F.E.S., Mr. David Shaep,
F.R.S. , and Dr. A. Smith Woodward, F.R.S.

The Ballot for the Officers having been closed, the President
appointed the same Scrutineers ; and the votes having been
counted and reported to the President, he declared the result as
follows : —

President : Prof. W. A. Herdman, F.R.S.

Treasurer: Hoeace W. Monckton, F.G.S.

r Dr. D. H. Scott, M.A., F.R.S.
Secretaries < Rev. T. R. R. Sxeebing, M.A., F.R.S.
[ B. Daydon Jackson.

The President then delivered his Address, as follows : —
linn. boc. proceedings. — SESSION 1904-1905. c

1 8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

PEESIDENTIAL ADDEESS, 1905.

Fellows op the Linnean Society, —

It is my first duty — and like most duties when looked at
from a common-sense point of view, it is also a great pleasure — to
thank you for the honour you have done me and for the confidence
you have shown in elevating me to this position. If I hesitated
before accepting the nomination by Council it was not that I was
in any way insensible to the honour proposed, but rather that I
felt it to be beyond my deserts, and, amongst other reasons,
because I doubted whether one whose chief Mork lay 200 miles
away could efficiently discharge the duties you would naturally
expect from your President. However, the kind assurances of
prominent members of the Council overcame my doubts ; and I
will only add that there was some comfort in the tl) ought that
there is possibly one qualification which I was conscious of —
namely, a strong desire to be of use and to advance in any way in
my power the Linnean Society and the cause of Natural Science.

The Session during which, thanks to your kindness, I have
been privileged to occupy this chair has been in several ways a
memorable one. At the last Anniversary Meeting, my distin-
guished predecessor was able to aunounce in his Presidential
Address that the Supplemental Charter of the Society had at last
been granted, and he very properly alluded to the labour and
expense which the Treasurer with characteristic generosity had
borne single-handed — one only of many acts of thoughtful kindness
on the part of Mr. Frank Crisp, from which the Society has
benefitted. The loss which we sustain iu the retirement of
Mr. Crisp from the office of Treasurer, which he has held for
nearly a quarter of a century, will be brought before tlie attention
of the Society in a separate resolution.

In order to carry out the provisions of the Supplemental Charter
it became necessary that the Bye-Laws of the Society should be
revised, and one of the first duties 1 had to perform on taking
office last June was to bring before your notice the draft revision
carefully prepared by the Council of the previous session. The
revised Bye-Laws were duly read from the Chair, as required by
the Charter of 1802, at our meetings on June 2nd and June 16th,
and were, I am happy to say, formally approved by the Fellows at
our meeting on November 3rd, 1904.

These formalities completed, it became possible for us to bring
about that great event in the history of our Society which has been
predicted and commented on in more than one recent Presidential
Address — the admission of Lady-Fellows. From that time forwards
the Fellowship of the Linnean Society of London was open to
worthy candidates ^\ithout distinction of sex. The response to

LINNEA.N SOCIETY OF LONDON. 1 9

this invitation has been most gratifying. No less than 26 duly
qualified scientific women have been elected — a very notable
accession to the Society,

In the past, although good scientific \\ ork by women, in both
Botany and Zoology, has been brought on occasions before our
meetings and has been printed in our publications, the Author
was ever placed at a disadvantage ; and if she appeared in person
to read the paper, it \\as only possible as an act of grace and by
special permission of the Council. Now our women workers can
appear in their own riglit, they join us free from all disabilities,
and they enjoy the privileges of fellowship and the duties of
office on equal terms with men. Names cf both men and women
appeared for the first time in the list of candidates on November
17th, and in the ballot on December loth, 1904, when 18 were
elected.

I cannot but feel that in being privileged to receive the first
Lady-Fellows I have, to some extent, reaped where I did not sow.
It would have been more appropriate, had the necessary consti-
tutional processes allowed, if my predecessor, Professor Vines,
before relinquishing the Chair, had conducted in person the
inauguration of the new order resulting from the changes brought
about during his presidency. That, however, was impossible ; but
he enjoyed the distinction of presenting the first Lady-Fellow, and
on January 19th, 1905, I had the pleasure of admitting to the
Fellowship Mrs. Catherine Crisp, the wife of our Treasurer ;
Mrs. ]Mary Ann Stebbing, the wife of our Zoological Secretary ;
Mrs. Percy Sladen, the widow of a former Zoological Secretary ;
and such well-luiown scientific workers as Miss Margaret Benson,
Miss Gulielma Lister, Miss Ethel Sargant, AJiss Lorrain Smith,
Miss Silver, Miss E. L. Turner, Mrs. Veley, and Miss E.
Willmott — followed at subsequent meetings during the session bv
Mrs. M. V. Scott, wife of our Botanical Secretary ; and others.
To-day I have had the honour of admitting Her Grrace the Duchess
of Bedford, who was in the list of first Lady-Fellows elected on
December loth. Such additions can be nothing but a strength
and an honour to our Society, and the Treasurer has signalized
the historic occasion by a dinner to the new Fellows and by com-
missioning a picture of the scene at our meeting on January 19th,
to be painted by Mr. James Sant, E.A., and [)resented to the
Society for the permanent adornment of our library.

In all 4-1 new Fellows have been added to the roll this Session —
a noteworthy increase as compared with 27 last Session and 22
the average for the last 10 years.

Chapter III. Sect. I. of our Bye-Laws provides that such
Members of the Royal Family as may express a \nsh to belong to
the Society become Honorary Members. It has been felt by the
Council, as I am sure it \\-ill be also by all the Fellows of the
Society, to be most appropriate, in the session when the first
Lady-Fellows were admitted, that the nttention of the Queen

c2

20 PROCEEDINGS OE THE

should be directed to this provision in the Bye-Laws, and that.
Her Majesty should be humbly and dutifully requested to signify
her wish to become an Honorary Member. The loyal and happy
resolution to this effect was proposed at Council by Prof. Vines
on January 19th, and on February 2nd I was enabled to read to
the Society the reply intimating that the Queen had graciously
acceded to our request.

We turn from the pleasant thought of these accessions to the
inevitable losses which we have to regret — the death of 18 Ordinary
Fellows and of 4 on the Foreign list, the latter beiug: — Dr. Eudolph
A. Philippi, Prof. Eduard von Martens, M. Bernard Renault, and
Prof. Alpheus S. Packard. The obituaries of our late Fellows
have been prepared as usual by the Secretaries, and I do not
propose to detain you by traversing the same ground ; but there
is one loss we have sustained Avhich has a personal sadness for
most of us and which 1 cannot pass over on this occasion. In
deep sorrow we have to record the death, on February 4tli, 1905,
of our former Zoological Secretary, Prof, George Bond Howes.
Last year Prof. Vines referred sympathetically to the resignation
of office which our friend's continued serious illness had necessi-
tated, and now we mourn the premature termination of a useful
life and a distinguished career. Prof. Howes's numerous solid
contributions to science will be duly recorded in our ' Proceedings.'
Tributes to his influence as a teacher and his helpfulness as a
colleague have already been published or will shortly appear. We
knew him best here as an indefatigable councillor and office-bearer
and a true friend of all honest workers. Many young scientific
men owe their professional position and advancement in large
measure to support and advice from Howes. He had corre-
spondents in all parts of the country w^hom he helped with in-
formation and literature. He had an unusually wide range of
knowledge and a marvellously detailed acquaintance with the
publications of Zoology ; and all that he knew was ever placed
freely at the disposal not only of his students and friends, but
also of other workers on the subject whom in some cases he had
never even met. I do not think it is too much to say that he wore
himself out working for others.

We all appreciated highly his scientific work and admired his
fine character ; those of us who were privileged to know him more
intimately loved him as a friend of a singularly sympathetic,
unselfish and loyal nature. This Society at the meeting on
February 16th passed a resolution of deep regret, sympathy and
gratitude for devoted service ; and I am now able to announce to
you that steps have been taken by the Officers of this Society and
of the Zoological Society and a few other former colleagues to
establish a Howes Memorial Fund. A committee is now being
formed, and a circular letter will shortly be issued to the Fellows
of the Society.

LINJfEAX SOCIETY OF LONDON. 21

The vacant places in our list of Foreigu Members have been
filled by the election of Dr. Paul Friedrich August Ascherson, of
Berlin ; Dr. Gottlieb liaberlaudt, of Graz ; Prof. Ainbrosius
Arnold Willein Hubrecht, of Utrecht ; and JM. Charles Eene
Zeiller, of Paris. It is a matter of congratulation to the Society
that these distinguished names have been added to our roll.

The Council have awarded the Linnean Medal this year to that
great Cytologist and Morphologist, the professor of Botany at
Bonn, Geheimrath Dr. Eduard Strasburger. AVe are honouring
ourselves as well as doing homage to the recipient, in conferring
this, the highest distinction in our power, upon such an eminent
man of science.

During this Session we have continued the practice recently
proposed of arranging occasional discussions on subjects of general
biological interest introduced to our notice by one or more of our
leading experts. Scientific opinion is divided as to the value of
set discussions on debatable matters. It is often said that no one
who has worked or thought much on such a subject changes his
opinion as a result of the discussion. That may well be true of
the protagonists ; and it may also be true, as is frequently urged,
that the best discussions are tliose that arise spontaneously from
the reading of a paper or the exhibition of a specimen. But for
most of us, discussions such as we have had here during this
Session are both interesting and valuable. Those who play only
minor parts in the action and those who are content to listen to
the arguments, must benefit from hearing the subjects set out for
examination first from one side and then from the other. I am
one of those who consider that both in this and in other Societies
the exhibitions and the criticisms and discussions, formal and
informal, arranged or spontaneous, are usually the most interesting
and instructive parts of the proceedings and are well worth the
time devoted to them.

Some of the most valuable papers — works that we desire to
encourage by all means, and wliich when printed are important
contributions to science and an ornament to our publications — are
quite unsuitable for reading to an audience. In such cases, if the
author is unable to explain briefly wiiat his paper is about, I should
advocate that he be invited to communicate the work by title only,
and let the time so gained be devoted to exhibitions and discussions,
as I am convinced that these last do more than the reading of
papers to keep our members together and add to the vitality of
the meetings. I would remind you especially of the interesting
discussions we have had in the past session upon '• Digestion in
Plants," opened by Professor Vines, upon " Ecology,"' following
upon a paper by Mr. Tansley, and upon " Nomenclature," brought
before us by Mr. Stabbing.

We have this special advantage in our Society for the discussion
of subjects of general biological application, that we are a body of
Botanists and Zoologists working and consulting together. Thus

22 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

both sides of living nature are represented, and we can throw light
upon questions that arise from the standpoints of very varied lines
of biological investigation.

As this occasion is not only our annual business meeting, but also
our commemoration of the birthday of Linnaeus, our thoughts
naturally turn to the life and work of the great ."Swede to v\'hose
influence upon the progress of Science botanists and zoologists are
equally indebted.

It has occurred to me that you nmy be interested to hear a few
remarks upon a section ol: his work which is, I believe, little known,
but which I have had occasion recently to look into — a subject
moreover that has in itself an attraction for most men, and also
women — namely, Pearls. Considering the activity of his mind
and the wide range of his \vork, no one will be surprised to hear that
Linnaeus experimented on the formation of pearls in shell-fish, and
that he belie\ed he was able to produce valuable pearls by artificial
methods. I do not refer to the manufacture of artificial pearls,
but to the artificial stimulation of shell-fish so as to induce them
to produce by the natural process real pearls in increased number
or at an unusual time or place. AVith such an object in vie\^-, it
is necessary to enquire first how pearls are naturally produced in
shell-fish. One of the Linnean manuscripts which I shall have to
tell you of presently states: — "It is certain that nature ])roduces
pearls every day, and if anyone be able to steal from her this
knowledge, it can only be he whom she has admitted into her
interior and most sacred places." Linnaeus had better grounds
than anyone else of his time for considering himself as so
privileged.

There is an early Hindu belief that at night or during heavy rain
the Pearl Oysters ascend to the surface of the sea, open their
shells to the air and take in drops of fresh water which become
consolidated as pearls.

Pjiuy and other classical writers record the similar belief that
pearls are caused by drops of dew which enter the gaping shell
when uncovered with \\ ater. A more poetic form is that they are
due to the tears of the Nereids, or as Moore has it in ' Peri and
the Pearl ' :—

" And precious the tear as that raiu from the sky
Which turns into pearls as it falls in the sea."

Colombus, we are told, was convinced he had found the locality
for Orient pearls when he reached a spot where the trees grew
down into the sea and had their roots covered with oysters gaping
ready to receive the dew drops from the leaves above.

iEliau, on the other hand, thought the pearls were formed by
a lightning-flash entering the opening shell ; and many other
writers since have speculated as to mysterious pathological
effusions, as to displaced OA'a, as to similarity to calculi and to
galls, and as to calcification of deposits round sand-grains, algae,

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONBON.

23

ova, embrvos, and various kinds of parasites or other organic
nuclei. I give here, in tabular form, some of the leading names
(by no means a complete list) in the history of this enquiry, \Aith,
whei-e known, the species of shell-fish on which the observations
were made, and an indication of the view held, with more or less
justification, as to the nature of the nucleus around which the
pearl is formed.

Author.

Shell-fish investigated.

View as to origin of
pearl or nature of nucleus.

Pliuy

^lian

Oriental Pearl Oyster

Do.

Drops of dew.
Lightning-flash.
Parasites ; also concretions.
Grain of sand.
Pathological effusion of

shell-matter.
Abortive ova.
Distomum (cercaria) &c.
Mite {Limnocharcs anodonta).
Sand, algje, ova, parasites.
Calculi.
Entozoa.

Sand, diatoms, ova, parasites.

Pathological concretions.

Distomum.

Calculi round inorganic or

organic particles.
Parasites.
Pathological calcification of

fluid formed around

parasite.
Distomids.
Distomid larv^.
Distoniid (Cercaria).
Larval Cestodes.

Larval Cestodes.

Eondeletius, 1558 ...
Redi, 1684

Reaumur, 1717

Sir E. Home, 1826 ...

Filippi, 1852-56

Kiichenineister, 1856 .
Von Hessling, 1858...
Meckel, 1856

Anodoiita

Margaritana and Anodonta
Do.

Moebius, 1867

Both marine and fresh-
water.
Ceylon Pearl Oyster

Kelaart, 1857-59

Pagenstecher, 1858 ...
Garner, 1871

Anodonta and My tikis

Harley, 1889

Comba, 1898

Margaritifera vulgaris ...
Meleagrin a m a rgarit if era.

Dona.r, Tel Una, &c

Diguet, 1899

Giard, 1897, 1901 ...
Dubois, 1901, 1903 ...
Jameson, J902

Mytilns and Margaritifera.
My ti Ills ediilis

Herdman & Hornell,

1902, 1903.
Seurat& Giard, 1903,
1904.

Ceylon Pearl Oyster

{Margaritifera vtilgaris).
Meleagrina margaritifera.

Omitting the more fanciful views, there are three main methods
which have been advanced as explaining the formation of pearls ;
and, as is so often the case where there are several competing
theories, it cannot be said that one only is correct and of
universal application and that the others are quite erroneous.
The three I refer to are : (I) the grain-of-sand irritation ; (2) the
pathological secretion ; and (3) the stimulation caused by the pre-
sence of a parasitic worm, which acts as a nucleus around which
an epithelial sac deposits successive layers of pearly material.
Let me say a few words about each of the two last before passing
to the first view, the one with which Linnasus was more closely
associated.

24 PBOCEEDINGS OF THE

The view that the pearl is produced as a calcuhiswas originated
bv Eeaumur in 1717, followed bj Bohadsc-h in 1761, Mas supported
by Meckel and by Pagenstecher nearly a century later, and again
by Dr, George Harley in 1889. I agree with Giard that a
considerable resemblance between the pearl and an animal
calculus is compatible with the parasitic theory. Calculi com-
monly form around a nucleus, and many parasites are known
to hare calcified cysts deposited over them. Some pearls, not the
best, are probably formed as calculus-like growths independently
of vermean parasites. Even when the parasite is present, the
pearl is produced by the mollusean host, and not by the parasite,
and so has been justly compared by more than one writer to an
animal gall.

It is commonly thought that the Italian naturalist F. de
Filippi originated in 1854 the view that the nucleus of the pearl
is really organic, being an encapsuled parasite. But Giard has
recently reminded us that Eondeletius propounded the same view
in 1558, and that ages before that Androstheues, who had
travelled in the East, is reported by Athena3us to have compared
the developing pearls in the oyster to the Cestode larvae in pork.
This, in the absence of microscopic examination, can scarcely be
regarded as a scientific demonstration ; but it was, at least, a very
happy guess, for one of the first facts Mr. Hornell and I were able to
determine in connection with the Ceylon pearl oyster in the spring
of 1902, was that the Orient pearl in the Gulf of Manaar is
deposited around the young larva of a Cestode,

Coming to actual identifications in comparatively recent times,
we find that Filippi's pearl- parasite in Amdonta cygnea was the
Trematode Distovnim duplicatum, v. Baer. Eobert Garner, in our
own Journal (Zool. vol. xi. 1871, p. 426) records " Distomes " from
both freshwater and marine mussels ; and Giard attributes the
origin of pearls in Donax and Tellina to a species of Brachy-
coeliwn — all cases of Trematoda. Several investigators since
(such as Dubois and Jameson) have found the same to be true
of the pearl-production in Mytilus edidis and in various other
Pelecvpoda.

Other observations, more recently, have shown Cestoda to be
the worms concerned in the production of the Orient pearl ; but
I do not go further into that matter on the present occasion, as
my purpose is to remind you of the historic connection between
Linnaeus and pearl-production.

Most of the attempts * at artificial margarosis — the production
of pearls by stimulation of tlie mollusc — have been based upon the
belief that the nucleus of the natural pearl is an inorganic particle.
The "grain-of-sand" theory was supported by Eedi and many other
early naturalists, and is the view that has been most generally

* There is also the other suggested method— by infection with the parasite —
which I hope to discuss on another occasion.

UNNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 25

adopted in the text-books and in edncated public opinion, as
expressed in Sir Edwin Arnold's lines :

" Know you, pei'chance, how that, poor formless wretch —
The Oyster — gems his sh:ill<jw luooii-lit chalice?
Where the shell irks him, or the sea-sand frets,
This lovely lustre on his grief."

There is no doubt that occasionally a grain of sand does form the
nucleus of a free pearl. Mr. llornell and I found three such, out
of hundreds of pearls examined, in the course of our Ceylon
investigation. But as a rule any such foreign inorganic matter
introduced between the mantle and the shell gives rise only to a
pearly or nacreous excrescence attached to the shell. Artificial
pearls of an inferior sort are, however, sometimes produced in this
way ; and the practice in China of forming rows of nacreous beads
or images of a Joss, or of Buddha, on the inner sia-face of the
freshwater Dij^^sas plicaius, Leach, depends simply upon the fact
that foreign bodies placed outside the mantle w-ill be cemented to
the shell by a layer of nacre.

It is generally believed amongst naturalists that LinnsDUS was
foi' some time engaged in an endeavour to produce artificitil
pearls ; but few, if any, seem to know what his process was, and
what it resulted in. The literature of pearl -formation contains
various vague references to Linnseus's " secret process,'' but no
descri])tion of it, excej)t an article in Swedish by Fahr^eus in
1852*. In Pulteney's 'General View of the Writings of
Linnaeus ' (2nd edit., London, 1805, p. 93) it is stated ; " We are
unacquainted with the means by which he accomplished this
extraordinary operation, but may observe that it is probable ....
that the n:ethod consisted in injiu'ing the shell externally, perhaps
by a perforation . . . . " &c. Such a recent work as Dr. Lyster
Jameson's " Origin of Pearls " (Proc. Zoo). Soc. 1902) states that
"Chemnitz, Beckmann, and others (1791) regarded Linnoeus's
' secret ])rocess ' as merely boring the shells. However, no sub-
sequent boring experiments have yielded anything but blisters,
and the popular notion of Liunseus's modus operandi is little more
than a guess." That being so, you will be interested to hear that
our own Linnean library and the collection here has recently
afforded me the means of making known to you the trutli as to
this " guess."

We have amongst the treasures of our library a manuscript
volume labelled " Linnaeus on Pearls," given to the Linnean Society,
in January 1871, by Oscar Dickson of Gothenburg, and attested
by Jacob P. Bagge to be a true copy in Swedish [on the left-hand
pages] and a faithful translation f into English [on the right-hand
pages] of the original documents which were in his possession

* Ofvers. K. Vet.-Akad. FGrh., Arg. 16. No. 3, p. 39.

t The translation is not perfect in all respects. I am indebted to my friend
Mr. Havald Ehrenborg, Swedish Consul at Liverpool, for help iu determining
some points in the Swediih.

26 PEOCEEDINQS OP THE

and had been obtained by his grandfather (Herr Peter Bagge) from
Linnaeus. The papers consist of the documents received by order
of " The Secret Committee " of the State Council of Sweden, in
1761, signed by Judge Olivecreutz, respecting the pearl-fishery
and particularly the claim of the Archiater and Knight Carl
Linnaeus to produce genuine pearls by impregnating mussels.

This interesting series of documents begins with a letter from
the Archiater Linnaeus to Colonel Baron Funck, dated 6th Feb.
1761, stating that he " possessed the Art" of impregnating mussels,
and that lie offered to make known the secret for the public
benefit and use on condition that the State would give him a
suitable reward. A subcommittee was evidently appointed to
confer with Linnaeus, and on the 27th July 1761, to quote the
manuscript, " the said Archiater appeared before the deputies,
when he verbally explained bis Art." There are in all 15 docu-
ments in the book, being records of various meetings, reports of
the deputies to the " Secret Committee," lists of Linnaeus's claims
for recognition by the State, and finally the report of the Secret
Committee approving of the " Art " of the Archiater and recom-
mending that a reward of 12,000 dollars * silver money should be
given. At one of the meetings Linnaeus produced certain mussel-
shells which he had operated on by his secret method, and 9 genuine
pearls which he had produced " as a token and proof of the truth
of the Art." These were taken by the Chairman of the Committee
to the crown-jeweller Berg, who, after remonstrating ineffec-
tually on the iniquity of spoiling such gems, cut them in half,
and declared, the Chairman tells us, that they were exactly like
ordinary pearls.

There is some evidence that Linnaeus was ennobled on account
of these discoveries in regard to pearl-formation, and the date
(1761) certainly coincides, but it does not appear that he was
ever awarded the 12,000 silver dollars i-ecommended by the
" Secret Committee." On the other hand, the secret was bought
for 6000 dollars, in Sept. 1762, as appears from another manu-
script volume in our library (labelled " Pearl Fisheries : Linnaeus
MS."), by a Gothenburg merchant, Peter Bagge, the grandfather
of the J, P. Bagge mentioned above. And we learn that the King,
Adolph Frederick, gave a patent, dated Sept. 7th, 1762, authoi-iz-
ing Bagge to practise the Art without interference or competition.

Throughout the MS. "true copy "of Linnaeus's communications
and the reports of the " Secret Committee," whenever we seem to
be coming to close quarters with the actual modus operandi the
text breaks abruptly into roA^s of dots and an annoying reference
to certain other papers labelled A. to H., which are not to be
found in the volume. So that although these manuscripts in the
first volume afford interesting glimpses of Linnaeus's doings and
modes of thought, they give absolutely no information as to his

* The Daler in question was equivalent to about 18 pence, so the sura
stated would be nearly .£1000.

LIKNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 27

secret method of pearl- formation. This seems fo haA'e been
exactly the predicament in which Mr. Bagge the grandson found
hhnself when he inherited his grandfather's pa])ers bought from
Linnaeus, but ap])arently made no use of. He explains in the
second MS. volume to which I have referred, and wliich contains
the missing papers A. to H., how it was that his grandfather and
his father were unable to take advantage of the rights they had
acquired, and how he himself was not in a position to do so until
after the lapse of 60 years from the original purcliase.

It is, however, evident that J. P. Bagge eventually contem-
plated pursuing the industry of pearl-formation by Linuaeus's
method, as we have in this volume a copy of a letter from the
King of Sweden, dated Feb. 27th, IS'22, confirming to him the
privileges his Grandfather had obtained by purchasing the secret
in 1762. It is evident also that he was troubled by the thought
that possibly Sir James Smith possessed a copy of the secret
amongst his Linna,'an papers, or that he or others in England
might be able to hit upon the method by an examination of the
pearls and shells which it was known had gone to London. In a
" Private Memorandum " in our MS. book, J. P. Bagge says : —

" Question A. Shall I write to Sir Ja^ E. Smith and ask him
for the pearls and mussel-shells which produced them ?

" Remarlcs. If he is not inclined to give up all, perhaps he may
tlie half, particularly if I offer him the original merit list of
Linnaeus in exchange, a document he may deem interesting either
for the Linncean Society or to publish in one of the new editions
of Sir James' works. I think I could besides offer the value of
the pearls in money according to survey, and as they are not con-
nected with Botany perhaps Sir Ja^. thinks them woi'thless, in a
scientific point of view. It would certainly be pleasant, in offer-
ing the secret, to be able to produce specimens of pearls actually
prochiced by Linnceus. Perhaps he \\ould lend them for some
time."

Probably at that time (about 1820) Bagge hoped to induce the
State, or some individual or company in Sweden to take the
matter up and acquire his rights. He evidently in the end wrote
something to Sir J. E. Smith, for we have a copy of the answer,
which is as follows : —

(Copy of Sir James E. Smith's letter to J. P. Bagge.)

"Holkham, Norfolk,
Nov. 28, 1821.
" Sir,

I received your packet at Noruich, my usual residence,
and I take the opportunity of a little leisure in the country to
answer it.

" The only jiearls I ever expected from the possession of your
illustrious countryman's literary treasures are pearls of science, in
which I have not been disappointed. I am contented with these,

28 PEOCBBDIISIGS OF THE

and am happy that Sweden appears satisfied with what I have
done for the iionour of Linnaeus and for the science to which I
have devoted myself, in humble imitation of that great man.

" I believe I am possessed of manuscripts of his own explaining
the secret of producing pearls. I have also in his own cabinet of
shells specimens of pearls so produced, and of the muscle-shells,
in various states upon whicli experiments have been made. I
have no intention of carrying on the scheme — still less of paying
c£500 for any further information, nor, in short, of entering at all
on the subject, for which I have no leisure.

" I return you my best thanks for the trouble you have already
taken, but beg you will take no more on my account.

" I am, Sir,

" Your very obedient servant,

J. E. Smith."

Linnaeus wrote, on Peb. 6th, 1761, "I have heard of people
existing who pretended to make gold, but never of anyone who
could produce pearls," — and again, " I have with infinite care taken
pains to explore the cause of pearls being generated and how
nature proceeds to accomplish it."

In thinking that no one else before that time had produced
pearls Linnaeus was apparently wrong, as we find that in his own
country a decade earlier, between 1751 and 1754, a certain Inspector
Frederic Hedenberg was paid a salary to inoculate the pearl
mussels of Lulea in Lappmark with " pearl-seeds," which he manu-
factured, and then re-plant the mussels. Certain pearls were
produced by the Inspector which it is recorded were sold for some
300 silver dollars.

Linnaeus's first experiments with pearls date back, however, to a
still earlier period, for in the 2nd vol. of Linnaeus's Correspondence,
published by Sir J. E. Smith (p. 428), there is a letter from
Linnaeus to Haller, dated Upsala, 13th Sept. 1748, saying: "At
length I ha\'e ascertained the manner in which pearls originate
and grow in shells ; and 1 am able to produce in any mother-of-
pearl shell that can be held in the band, in the course of 5 or
6 years, a pearl as large as the seed of a common vetch.''

To this the Editor appends the remarks : —

" ' Eor this discovery the illustrious author was splendidly re-
warded by the States of the Kingdom.' — Haller."

" Specimens of pearls so produced by art in the Mya margariti-
fera are in the Linnsean Cabinet. The shell appears to have been
pierced by flexible wires, the ends of which perhaps remain
therein."

J. P. Bagge says in regard to the above remark by Sir J. Smith —
" This is the nearest I have seen anyone come to truth, but still
it will be remarked by reading the Seci'et that more information is
required to enable persons to practise the art."

Herr Bagge, in a MS. entitled "Statement," tells how his
grandfather, being otherw-ise occupied, made no use of the

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 29

Linnean secret whicli he ho,d purchased, and how his father could
not find the docnuients, which were supposed for a time to be lost,
and how he himself eventually found them when ruinaging amongst
a mass of family papers in search of a missing account. This
was at a time when he was leaving Sweden for England, and
his subsequent attempts to get the Swedish Government to buy
his rights and to promote pearl-formation as an industry were
apparently unsuccessful.

Since then nothing, I believe, has been done with the " secret,"
although various investigators and operators in different parts of
the world, including Mr. Hornell and myst-lf, have tried more or
less similar methods of stimulating molluscs to pearl-production —
with but indifferent results. But I am by no means certain that
artificial margarosis, either by these or some other methods, mav
not some day become a commercial success.

Linnaeus says : '' As all the knacks of Nature are very simple, so
is this when properly hit upon " ; and there was certainly no
great complication about his process. We are now able by means
of these two manuscript books in our librar}' to make our the
details of the " secret process." By fitting the extracts labelled
A. to H. in the one set of papers into ihe lettered gaps in the
proceedings of the Secret Committee of 1761 in the other volume,
we have the completed description in Linujeus's own words.

Thn essential points made by Linuceus seem to be: — (I) that in
the formation of a pearl there is always some foreign matter
(" peregrinum ") which is slowly covered by successive lamellae of
cale ireous matter deposited by the mollusc ; (2) that to induce
pearl-formation when and where you wisli, you must make a very
small hole in the shell and insert a little round fragment of lime-
stone fixed on the end of a fine silver wire ; (3) that you must
keep these artificial nuclei near the ends of tlie shell, so as not to
interfere unduly with the animal's body ; and (4) that the nuclei
must, by means of tlie silver wire, be kept free from the shell so that
the resulting pearls may not become adherent to it by a deposit
of nacre.

That is all. It is certainly, as its author says, " very simple . , .
when properly hit upon." Simpler even than the ''knack of IS^ature,''
requiring a parasitic worm and several successive hosts, that we
now believe is necessary to produce the finest pearls. And yet
Linn;eus seems to have obtained by the process certain pearls
which the crown-jeweller declared to be in every way as good as
those produced naturally. Probably they w ere compared not with
the most precious pearls from the pearl-oysters of Eastern seas,
but with those of the Swedish fresh-water mussels {Unio mar-
garitifera).

Our General Secretary has kindly helped me to find in the
Linnean Collections the original shells and pearls made use of by
Linnaeus in his secret process, evidently the specimens which
J. P. Bagge was anxious to get from Sir J. E. Smith. These
Linnean specimens are now exhibited on the table.

30 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Linnffius has said — "The Sciences have in all flourishing countries
been the tenderest object of Government, as they distinguish
civilized nations from barbarians, and make a small European
principality shine more than the greatest Oriental empire."

I am not sure that we have all had the same happy experience
of the usual objects of a Government's tenderest care. But
althoiigh our native pearls may not have the same lustre as those
from the Orient, we shall all agi'ee with the celebrated Swede that
the cultivation of Science may " make a small European princi-
pality shine more than the greatest Oriental empire."

The Eight Hon. Loi-d Avebuey, P.O., F.E.S., then moved: —
That the President be thanked for his excellent Address, and that
he be requested to allow it to be printed and circulated among the
Eellows.

This having been seconded by Dr. Maxwell T. Masters, E.R.S.,
was put by Lord Avebury, and carried unanimously.

The President then addressed Sir Dietrich Beandis, K.C.I.E.,
F.R.S., and in presenting the Linnean Medal to him on behalf of
Prof. EnuARD Strasburger, F.M.L.S., specified the services
which had moved the Council to make this award.

The President said : —

" Sir Dietrich Brandis, The Council of the Linnean Society,
desiring to do what honour is in their power to your very dis-
tinguished countryman the great botanical histologist and
morpbologist at Bonn, Geheinn-ath Professor Eduard Strasburger,
have singled him out from the botanists of the world as the
recipient this year of the Linnean Gold Medal. Strasburger is
known as a leader in science wherever biological teaching and
biological investigation are carried on, and the recognition of his
great merit is by no means confined to botanists. I well remember
the impression he made upon myself and other zoologists by
his views upon the changes in the nuclear chromosomes in an
address given at the last Oxford meeting of the British Asso-
ciation, and the great value of his cytological work was known
to us long before that ; while to the student of botany he
must have been an example, a guide, and an inspiration for
nearly forty years. His ' Lehrbuch der Botanik ' (1894) and
' Das botanische Practicum ' ( 1884) are standard works familiar in
our universities and fundamental in their effect on laboratory
practice. Few, if any, amongst botanical investigators have pro-
duced a greater number of works of first-rate importance influencing
the teaching in nearly every branch of the subject. Beginning,
in 1867, with his researches on the development of the stomata,
passing in 1872 to his great work on the Conifers and Gnetacese,
which we recognize as one of the first morphological investi-
gations from an evolutionary point of view inspired by Darwin,

LINNEA.M SOCIETY OF LONDON. 3 1

and then turning in 1879 to his studies on Angiosperms and
Gymnosperms, followed since by many later papers, we have
a truly remarkable series of works on the scientific anatomy and
morphology of the higher plants. His important contributions to
physiology, such as those dealing with the ascent of water in trees
in 1891, only require mention ; he has been an embryologist as
well as an anatomist, and he has even touched on palteobotany.
It is, however, as a cytologist that Strasburger has probably won
the greatest distinction, as in this subject he is, on the botanical
side at least, facile princeps. His remarkable series of histological
memoirs from 1876 onwards, form the foundation and a very
large pai't of the superstructure of modern cytology. In close
connection with his cytological work on the nucleus and pi'oto-
plasm is his investigation of fertilization in plants, where he made
the fundamental discovery of the great importance of the fusion
of the male and female nuclei. There is no need to say more.
His influence on science has been wide-reaching, and his fame is
great. Naturally he has received many distinctions both in his
own country and here, where we know him as a Foreign Member of
the lioyal Society (1801) and of our own (1880), and as an
Honorary Doctor of Civil Law of Oxford. We in the Linuean
Society ofi"er him, through you, our homage, and trust that he may
value, as a testimony of our high appreciation, this latest honour,
the award of the Linuean Gold Medal.

'• Sir Dietrich Brandis, I have great pleasure in asking you, his
countryman, and yourself a distinguished botanist, to transmit this
medal to Professor Strasburger.'

Sir Dietrich Brandis having received the Medal, made a brief
verbal acknowledgment on behalf of the recipient. The following
letters refer to the award.

Bonn, 12th May, 1905.
Dear Sir,

I have received the news that the Council of the Linnean
Society of Loudon has conferred upon me the Gold Medal. The
honour thus bestowed upon me by this illustrious Society fills me
with pride. I thank the members most sincerely for this honour
as well as for the scientific help and encouragement I have on
many occasions received from my English colleagues. It was
above all the immortal Charles Darwin, of whom your nation may
well be proud, who in my youth filL^d me with enthusiasm for
scientific researches, and turned my studies in the direction I have
since followed.

Most unfortunately my duties detain me here to such an extent
that it is impossible for me to be in London on May the 24th, and
receive the Gold Medal personally. Sir Dietrich Brandis, my
honoured friend, has kindly offered to do so in my stead.

I am. Dear Sir,
To the General Secretary, Yours sincerely,

of the Linnean Society of London, (Signed) E. StkaSBURGEE.

B. Daydon Jackson, Esq.

32 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE

Bonn, May 26, 1905.

The President of the Linnean Society of London.
Honoured Sir,

I am in receipt, through Sir Dietrich Brandis, of the Gold
Medal with which your Society has in so high a degree honoured
me. For this valuable and beautiful token I beg to express to you,
and through you to the Members of the Society, my heartfelt
gratitude.

Sir Dietrich Brandis has made me cognisant of the very kindly
manner in which you, Mr. President, in your address referred to
my work. This shall be a new inspiration to me, to the fullest
extent to which my powers permit, to devote them with enthusiasm
and love to those ideal tasks, the pursuit of which is undertaken
in the hope of serving mankind.

I beg you to receivi', Sir, the expression of my highest esteem.

Most sincerely yours,

(Signed) E. Stbasbuegee.

The Obituary Notices were formally submitted, and the President
having announced the date of the next General Meeting, the
proceedings closed.

OBITUARY NOTICES.

John Bibkett was elected a Pellovv on the 16th June, 1846,
and died on 6th July, 1904. He entered Guy's Hospital as a
student in 1831, there became Lecturer on Surgery, and in 1846
brought out a translation of A. von Behr's ' Handbook of Human
Anatomy,' and in 1850 a treatise on Diseases of the Throat. The
address at the opening of the Medical School of Guy's Hospital in
1854 was given by him, and he was also author of articles on Hernia
and the Pehis in Hohnes's 'System of Surgery.' [B. D. J.]

The Eev. Thomas William Daltry was tlie son of a clergyman,
and was born at Hull on 7th June, 1832; he was educated
at Sedburgh Gi'ammar School and Trinity College, Cambridge,
graduating B.A. in 1855, ]iroceeding M.A. four years later. In
1858 he took Holy Orders, his first curacy being at Petworth,
Sussex ; a twelvemonth later he removed to Hambledon, and in
1861 to Madeley as Curate to his father ; eighteen years later,
upon his father's death, he was appointed his successor, and
retained the living till his death. In 1865 the North Staifordshire
Field Naturalists' Club \^'as founded, and Mr. Dalti'y became one
of the two secretaries from the first, drawing up the annual reports
for twenty years ; in 1879-80 he was President. Many of the
papers published by this Society are from his pen, but though
ready to study any subject connected with the pursuit of natural
history, he was specially devoted to Lepidoptera.

As a Parish Clergyman he was active and hardworking, carrying
out his sacred duties in an exemphiry manner, and by constant

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. ^;^

visitation of his parishioners, he acquired a knowledge of their
wants, and their sincere regard, in a marked degree.

He was elected a Fellow ISth March, 1875, and died at Madeley,
on 4th June, 1904. A movement is on foot to place a memorial
window in the church in which he ministered so long. A portrait
is given in the 'Transactions' of the North Staffs. Field Club,
1904-5. [B, 13. J.]

James Errs, junr., died at his house, Eeulah Hill, Upper Norwood,
in March 1905 ; he had been a Fellow of this Society since 5th
March, 1885. In the 'Transactions' of the Croydon Natural
History and Scientific Society for lJ'02-03, he published a paper
entitled " A Trip to the AVest Indies," describing the various objects
of natural history noticed by him, but especially investigating the
cocoa plants in the various islands, their a arieties, diseases, insect-
pests and the like. He was naturally drawn to this as the business
lirm in v^hich he was a partner was largely interested in the
manufacture of cocoa. This address was given to the Croydon
Society shortly before the end of his Presidency of two years, he
having been a member since 1881. On one occasion he had
exhibited cocoa-pods grown aud ripened at his Norwood residence,
for which he was awarded a Silver Banksian Medal by the Eoyal
Horticultural Society. [B. D. J.]

William Feeguson, F.G.S., died at his residence, Kinmundy,
Aberdeenshire, in 1004 ; he had been a Fellow of the Linnean
Society since 6th June, 1854, in which year he joined the Greological
Society, to whose publications he contributed a paper in 1857
on the " Chalk-flints and Greensand found in Aberdeenshire."

WiCKHAM Flower, F.S.A., was the eldest son of John Wickham
Flower, of Park Hill, Croydon, and was born in that town, in 1835,
receiving his education at Tonbridge School. A solicitor in large
practice, he delighted to give his spare time to his garden and to
antiquities. He issued ' Dante, a defence of the aucient text of the
Divina Commedia ' in 1897, and ' Aquitaine ; a Traveller's Tale,'
illustrated by J. Pennell, in the same year.

At the time of his death, 19th September, 1904, he was engaged
on the history of Great Tangley Manor, his country seat, a very
interesting place dating from the time of Henry VII., surrounded
by a moat, and having an extensive garden attached. Indoors it
contained a splendid collection of pictures, tapestries, glass, and
old books. He joined this Society so recently as 20th January,
1898. [B. D. J.]

Alexander Fey was born at Pencraig, Herefordshire, on 10th
September, 1821, and educated at Hazelwood near Birmingham,
with a year at Neuilly, in the arrondissement of St. Denis, near Paris.
In 1835, a boy of little more than fourteen years of age, he was
sent out to Rio de Janeiro, where his father was engaged in
LINN. SOC. proceedings. — SESSION 1904-1905. d

34 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE

business ; eight years later he was taken into partnership, visited
England, was married, and returned to Eio after only a few months
absence. With occasional trips elsewhere, he lived in Brazil till
1858, and his chief pleasure was in devoting his spare time to the
study of insects, frequently spending hours at night collecting
night-flying species by aid of a lantern.

Eeturning to England whilst still a young man, he continued to
add to his collection, only ceasing when health and sight began to
fail. Amongst these accessions were Pai'ry's collection of Longi-
cornia, and large numbers collected by Wallace, Doherty, White-
head at Kinabalu, and the types described by Bates. These having
been examined and named by specialists, have a very high value,
though their owner did not publish observations on any part of
his possessions. On his return to England he had entered into
business with his brother-in-law, the son of our late Fellow,
Mr. John Miers, F.E.S., as Frv, Miers & Co., remaining a partner
till 1898. He died at Norwood, on 26th February, 1905, aged 83,
bequeathing his collections, the largest and finest of their kind in
the United Kingdom, to the nation ; the number is estimated at
200,000 specimens, especially rich in beetles. His Fellowship dated
from 4th February, 1855. [B. D. J.]

JoHis^ HoE]!fE, who died at St. Clements, Jersey, on 16th April,
1905, will be known to many as the author of ' A Tear in Fiji ;
or an enquiry into the botanical, agricultural, and economical
resources of the Colony,' London, 1881. He was attached in
1861 to the Department of Works and Forests, Mauritius, of
which he became the head, and Director of the Botanic Gardens
in that island. In 1877 he accepted an invitation from Sir Arthur
Gordon, then governor of Fiji, to visit those islands, and spent
a year's leave in exploring them, and making a collection of plants,
which were determined at Kew. The volume named above con-
tains, in Appendixes, the author's recommendations as to india-
rubber, sandalwood, and general forest matters, with a list of
the species known to occur on the islands, many new species with
mere names, which were in part afterwards taken up by later
writers. The total number of specimens sent by Mr. Home to the
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, between 1865 and 1883 amounted
to nearly 3000. On retiring from the Colonial Service he settled
in Jersey, where he died; his connection with the Linuean
Society dated from 4th December, 1873.

Thomas George Bond Howes, born in London on the 7th of
September, 1853, was the eldest son of Thomas Johnson Howes,
and a grandson of Captain George Augustus Bond, of the Hon.
East India Company's Service. After education at a private
school he found, at the age of twenty-one, a fair opening for the
scientific career which he was destined to follow during nearly
thirty years with ever increasing honour, satisfaction, and success.

LINXEAX SOCIETY Of LOXDOX. 35

At this starting point of liis life he had the good fortune, the luck
that waits on merit, to be engaj^ed as assistant to Professor Huxley
in the Biological Division of the Koyal School of Mines. In this
apprenticeship he won the respect and appreciation of his dis-
tinguished chief, to whom he was himself heartily attached.
Accordingly in 1881 he was chosen to succeed Thomas JefEery
Parker as Demonstrator in Biology in what was at that time
styled the Normal School of Science and Royal School of Mines,
and at the same verbosely named iustitutiou he became Assistant-
Professor in 1885. Though nominally assistant Howes was in
reality the acting professor, Huxley's name in the titular pro-
fessorship beiug retained partly out of respect to that celebrated
man and partly for the gloritication of the school itself. Earlier
than tliis Howes had been appointed Lecturer on Anatomy at
St. George's Hospital Medical School. In 1895 he succeeded
Huxley in the full professorship of zoology in the great establish-
ment which at this date received its more compendious and more
dignified designation as the Royal College of Science. He
gallantly fulfilled the duties of this ofiice almost without
interruption until the breakdown of his health in 1903, finally
relinquishing it in 1904, when there was no longer any hope of
his permanent recovery. He died on February 4th, 1905, lamented
not only by those nearest and dearest to him, but by numerous
colleagues in whom his cheerfulness and generous temper had
kindled warm attachment, by old pupils deeply indebted to him
for instruction and encouragement, and by many learned societies
and associations which he had assisted in their business affairs
with ever ready help or enlightened on various occasions from the
vast stores of his scientific knowledge.

To the staple employment of his time already indicated, Howes
added the following activities. He was at one time or another
examiner in zoology at the University of London, in the honour
school of animal morphology at the University of Oxford, in zoology
and comparative anatomy for the Victorian University and for the
University of Xew Zealand, and assistant examiner in elementary
physiology, biology, and zoology to the Science and Art Depart-
ment. Together with these obviously strength-taxing employments
he readily accepted others which individually might seem un-
oppressive, but which by accumulation are quite fitted to produce
an excessive strain on any man's endurance. Thus we find him at
various dates, member of council and vice-president of the Zoolo-
gical Society ; treasurer of the Anatomical Society (1890-1903) ;
treasurer of the Liunean Club ; zoological secretary of the Linnean
Society (1895-1903) ; serving on the zoology committee of the
Royal Society ; on the executive committee and delegate for the
Colony of Victoria at the International Congress of Zoology (1898) ;
delegate in various capacities and a vice-president at the Berlin
Congress (1901) ; an active member of the committee for the
reorganization of the Zoological Gardens (1902); president of

d 2

^6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

the Malacological Society in 1896 and again in 1897 ; president of
the South-Eastern Union of Scientific Societies in 1900 ; president
of the section of zoology of the British Association in ] 902. He
helped to found the Anatomical Society of Great Britain and
Ireland in 1887. He was elected F.Z.S. and also F.L.S. in 1885 ;
r.E.S. in ]897 ; honoured with the degree of LL.D. by the
University of St. Andrews in 1898 ; with that of D.Sc. by the
Victorian University in 1902. He was also a Corresponding
Member of the Eoyal Society of Victoria and of the New York
Academy of Sciences ; Hon. Member of the Nottingham Natural
History Society, of the Yorkshire Philosophical Society, and of
the Essex Natural History Field Club.

Among the many pupils who passed through Howes's Laboratory
and Lecture-room, and who have since won or are steadily on the
way towards winning scientific reputation, may be mentioned : —

Mr. E. H. Burne, present Secretary of the Malacological Society.
Mr. G. W. Butler, B.A., F.Z.S., studying the eggs of fishes.
Dr. J. E. Duerden, Professor of Zoology at Ehodes University,

Grahamstown, S. Africa.
Miss Alice Embleton, B.Sc, F.L.S. , E. S. Mackinuon Student

for 1903.
Mr. Alfred Vaughan Jennings, F.L.S., F.G.S. (see Proc. Linn.

Soc. 1903).
Mr. A. Coppen Jones, F.L.S., a bacteriologist.
Mr. W. L. Stevenson-Loat, specialist in fi.shery research in

North Africa.
Mr. J. E. S. Moore, F.L.S., F.Z.S., whose researches in Lake

Tanganyika are well known.
Dr. W. G. Eidewood, D.Sc, F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.G.S., Lecturer on

Biology, St. Mary's Hospital Medical School.
Dr. H. H. Swinnerton, D.Sc, F.Z.S., Marshall Scholar, the

Eoyal College of Science, now of University College,

Nottingham.
Mr. W. T. Harold Wager, F.E.S., F.L.S., Lecturer on Biology,

the Yorkshire College.
Prof. G. S. West, Professor of Natural History at the Eoyal

Agricultural College, Cirencester.
Mr. Martin F. Woodward, Demonstrator in Biology at the

Eoyal College of Science, and Secretary of the Malaco-
logical Society of London (see Geol. Mag. dec. 4, vol. viii.

p. 480, 1901).

Much might easily be written in appreciative comment on the
character, the writings, and the influence of the lost friend who
cherished the Linnean Society with so much earnestness of willing
service. But the thoroughness which he threw into all his
scientific undertakings has elicited so many tributes of honour to
his memory, that it becomes expedient to avoid repetition even in
eulogium. The simple outline of his career and work that has
here been given should prove to the most critical that he was a

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 37

niau unsparing of himself even to a fault, and that his object in
life was the promotion of science, not the acquisition of riches or
fame. [T. R. R. S.]

The following catalogue, chiefly compiled by Mr. B. Daydon
Jackson for the benefit of this memoir, may be relied on as con-
taining all the more important writings published by Howes,
with the exception of various articles signed or unsigned which he
contributed to ' Nature.'

The Journal of Anatomy and Physiology.
1879. On soDie points In the anatomy of the Porpoise [Phocana communis),

xiv. pp. 407-474, pi. 29.
1887. On the vestigial structures of the reproductive apparatus in the
male of the Green Lizard, xxi. pp. 185-189.
„ The morphology of the mammalian coracoid. xxi. pp. 190-198.

1889. Rabbit with an intra-narial epiglottis, A\-itli a suggestion con-

cerning the phylogeny of the mammalian respiratory apparatus,
xxiji. pp. 263-272.
„ Additional observations upon the intra-narial epiglottis, xxiii.
pp. 587-597.

1890. Vertebral skeleton of a Fire Toad {Bombinator? sp.). Xxiv;

pp. xvi-xvii.
J, Crania of three Rabbits {Lejnis cuniculiis), showing the presence

of Wormian bones in the coronal and sagittal sutures, xxiv,

pp. xvii-xix.
„ Variation in the kidney of the Common Thornback {Rata clavata) :

its nature, range, and probable signiticance. xxiv. pp. 407-422,

1892. Rabbit's backbone having a free lumbar rib, xxvi. pp. ii-v.

„ On the pedal skeleton of the Dorking fowl, with remarks on laxo-
dactylian and phalangeal variation in the Amniota, xxvi.
pp. 395-403.

„ Notes upon the shoulder-girdle of certain dicynodontoid reptiles,
xxvi. pp. 433-405.

1893. On the mammalian pelvis, with especial reference to the young of

Ornithorhynchus anat.inus. xxvii. pp. 543-556.
1896. On the mammalian hyoid, with especial reference to that of Lepus,
H'jrax, and Choloepus. xxx, pp, 513-526,

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society.

1882. Xotes on the cranio-facial skeleton of the Sturgeon (Acipenser
sturio), incorporated in W, K. Parker's monograph, pp. 171-
175.

Proceedings of the Zoological Society.

1887. On the skeleton and affinities of the paired fins of Cemtodvs, with

observations upon those of the Ekismobranchii. pp. 3-26.
„ Exhibition of, and remarks upon, an original drawing of the head

of an abnormal Palinurus (P. lii^i^^cillutus) . pp. 463-470.
„ On a hitherto unrecognised feature in the larynx of the Anurous

Amphibia, pp, 491-501,

1888. (With W. G. Ridewood.) On the carpus and tarsus of the

Anura, pp, 141-181.
„ (With A, M, Davies,) Observations upon the morphology and
genesis of supernumerary phalanges, with especical reference to
those of the Amphibia, pp, 495-511

38 PE0CEEDING8 OIT THE

1890, Exhibition of, and remarks upon, some specimens of Hatteria

showing the " pro-atlas '' and vomerine teeth, pp. 357-360.
„ On the visceral anatomy of the Australian Torpedo {Hypnos sub^

nigi-um), -with especial reference to the suspension of the

vertebrate alimentary canal, pp. 6G9-675.
„ Observations on the pectoral fin-skeleton of the living Batoid

fishes and of the extinct genus Squaloroja, "svitli especial reference

to the affinities of the same. pp. 675-688.

1891. On the probable existence of a Jacobson\s organ among the

Crocodilia ; with observations upon the skeleton of that organ
in the Mammalia, and upon the basi-mandibular elements in the
Vertebrata. pp. 148-150.

1893. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, an abnormal sternum of the

Common Marmoset, pp. 168-170.

„ Notes on variation and development of the vertebral and limb-
skeleton of the Amphibia, pp. 268-278.

„ On the coracoid of the terrestrial Vertebrata. pp. 585-592.

„ Exhibition of, and remarks upon, some specimens of abnormal
Marsipobranch Fishes, pp. 730-733.

1894. On synostosis and curvature of the spine in Fishes, with especial

reference to the Sole. pp. 95-101.

1895. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a photograph of an embryo of

Ornithorhynchus. pp. 1-2.
„ Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a skull of a Rabbit destitute of
the second pair of upper incisors, pp. 521-522.

1900. (With H. H. Swinuerton.) On the development of the skeleton

of the Tuatara, Sphenodon (Hatteria) ptinctaUts. pp. 516-517.

Transactions of the Zoological Society.

1901. (With H, 11. Swinnerton.) On the development of the skeleton

of the Tuatara, Sphenodon punctatvs ; with remarks on the e^^,
on the hatching, and on the hatched voung. xvi. part i.
pp. 1-86, pis. 1-6.

Journal of the Linnean Society (Zoology).

1890. On the intestinal canal of the Ichthyopsida, with especial reference

to its arterial supplv and the Appendix Digitiformis. xxiii.
no. 146, pp. 381-410; pis. 1 & 2.

1891. On some hermaphrodite genitalia of the Codfish (Gadi/s morrhua),

with remarks upon the morphology and phylogeny of the
vertebrate reproductive system, xxiii. no. 148, pp. 539-558,
pi. 14.

Transactions of the Liverpool Biological Society.

1892. On iIxS c^tfimtles, intra-relationships, and systematic position of the

Marsipobranchii. vi. pp. 123-147; pis. 8-10.

Presidential Addresses.

1896. In Proceedings of the Malacological Society, ii. pp. 57-76.

1897. In Proceedings of the Malacological Society, ii. pp. 203-226.
1900. In Transactions of the South-Eastern Union of Scientific Societies.

pp. 1-18.

1902. In Report of the British Association for the Advancement of

Science ; Meeting at Belfast, Section I), pp. 618-638.

LINNBAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 39

Works not included in serial Literature.

1883. Zoology of Food Fishes (Ilandb. Internat. Fish Exhib.)- London.
1885. An Atlas of Practical Elementary Biology. With a Preface by

Professor Huxley, P.R.S.
An Atlas of Practical Elementary Zootomy. Reyision of the

preceding yolume. (1902.)
1889. Huxley and Martin's Course of Practical Instruction in Elementary

Biology : Reyised edition, extended and edited by G. B. Howes

and D.'n. Scott.
1893. Wells (H. G.). Textbook of Biolocy ; with an Introduction by

G. B. H. (Another edition in 1899.)
1895. Wiedersheim's Structure of Man, an Index to his Past History ;

translated by II. and M. Bernard : the Translation edited_and

annotated and a Preface wiitten by G. B. Howes.
[Life of William Kitchen Parker], Diet. Nat. Biog. xliii. pp. 290-2.
1904. St. George Mivait : in Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal

Society. Part i, pp. 95-100.

Lieut.-Col. Leonard Howard Lotd Irby was born in 1836,
and received his education at Eugby, and at the age of 18 he
joined the 90th Light Infantry, and with it proceeded to the
Crimea, there serving till the fall of Sebastopol. He published
his notes on Crimean birds observed at the theatre of war in the
' Zoologist ' for 1857, but he was in India at the outbreak of the
Mutiny and, with the present Lord Wolseley of the same regiment,
took part in the relief of Lucknow. In 1867 Irby was transferred
to the 74th Highlanders, retiring from the service about eight
years later.

In 1861 he published in the ' Ibis' his "Notes on Birds observed
in Oudli and Kumaon." Birds were his favourite but not exclu-
sive study, and in 1875 he produced his ' Ornithology of the Straits
of Gibraltar,' from materials acquired during his frequent visits
to Spain aTid the opposite coast; a second edition came out
in 1895, containing an account of the Lepidoptera of the
region. His other principal book appeared in 1887 as ' British
Birds : Key-list,' in four years reaching a second edition. He
joined the Zoological Society in 1873, and for many years served
on the Council of that body ; our own Society he joined on
21st June, 1888. He took much interest in the setting up of the
life groups of birds at the British Museum, Cromwell Eoad, in
some measure furnishing the material by his own skill in shooting.
He died on the 14th May, 1905, soon after his return from
Malaga, where he had passed the winter in familiar and delightful
surroundings. [B. D. J .]

Sir Hugh Low was born 10th May, 1824, and died at Alassio on
18th April, in the present year. After an education at private
schools he obtained an appointment in the Hon. East India
Company's service. But on his way to take this up, he became
acquainted with Mr. (afterwards Sir) James Brooke, and the
intimate friendship between them which resulted, diverted the

40 PROCEEDINGS Or THE

boy's career from India to Borneo. Visiting that island at the
early age of nineteen, young Low must have used his opportunities
during the next two or three years with very remarkable pre-
cocity. Tor, having returned to Europe, in December 1847, that
is while he was still in his twenty-third year, he was able to
dedicate to his friend the Eajah his well-known book entitled
' Sarawak: its Inhabitants and Productions ; being notes during a
residence in that country with H.H. the Eajah Brooke : by Hugh
Low, Colonial Secretary at Labuh-an.' This work is still full of
charm and instruction for every lover of natural history, and
shows bow receptive a mind and how wide a range of sympathy
its author must have possessed. Men aud minerals, fauna and
flora, alike engage his earnest attention. It was no slight triumph
for a young botanist, after describing several novel and fascinating
plants, to be able to add : " But of all those above mentioned,
though they excel in beauty, none so much attract our curiosity as
the various aud beautiful pitcher-plants, eight different species of
which I discovered in the western part of the island." As to the
quest for pearl and mother-of-pearl, he remarks that " the fishery
of the Soolu Islands has been long known and highly valued : in
proper hands it would be the finest in the world ; but pearls are
produced in plenty all along the northern coast." His description
of education as practised in those days by the people of Sarawak
is rather historically interesting than exemplary for modern use.
The boys, and the boys only, were taught. What they learned
was to read and write their own language and to read and recite
the Koran in Arabic, a tongue which neither they nor their
teachers could translate. " The different periods of the progress
of the son's advancement in educational knowledge afford the
parents an opportunity of giving feasts to their relations, when
the son is examined by the master in the presence of his family
and connexions, who, in consideration of the liberal and expensive
feast usually provided for them, congratulate the father on the
splendid talents of the son." jSTotwithstanding these little weak-
nesses on their part, Low entei'tained a very favourable opinion of
the people, and with generous warmth cautions the reader " that
the terms of treacherous, and other equally abusive epithets, are
no more applicable to them than we may suppose they w"ould be
to European nations in circumstances when, reduced by oppression,
they could not revenge themselves by open and honest means."

In the ' Gardeners' Chronicle ' for April 29, 1905, his friend
Mr. F. W. Burbidge, F.L.S., has given an interesting summary of
Low's later exploits among the mountains and forests of Borneo
in botanical research, Mhich were crowned with many successes.
He M'as appointed British Resident of Perak in 1877 and retired
in 1887- In reward for his political services he was created
K.C.M.G. in 1883 and G.C.M.G. in 1889. He was elected a
Fellow of the Zoological Society in ] 893, and of the Linnean Society
in the following year. He aa as chosen to serve on the Council of

LINNBAN SOCIETY OP LONDON. 4 1

our Society in 1896. Those who had the pleasure of meeting him
from time to time at the Linnean Club iu the latter pai't of his
life will remember his dignified presence and amiable manners.
On one of these occasions, conversation having turned to the ever
fertile subject of affection between man and other animals, he told
an experience of his own. Recollection of what he then said has
been kindly confirmed by Lady Low, who writes as follows: —
" The pet animal in question was one of the Gibbon Monkeys.
It never left my husband, sat by his pillow, travelled with him on
his elephant with its arms round his neck, sat by him while he
worked in his office. He had cured the little beast of a bad
wound early in their acquaintance, and this may have helped to
deepen its devotion to him. But he had a quite extraordinary
power of attracting and keeping the devotion of all weaker
creatures. His strength and his tenderness were alike so great."
In its last illness " the little monkey in question had to be put
out of my husband's bed and to have a little warm bed made for
it beside him on the verandah. It raised itself up at the last and
died with its chin leaning on the ledge that separated it from its
master and its eyes fixed on him." This Avas exactly the story
told by Sir Hugh Low himself, except that he said nothing about
the curing of the wound, and implied by his tone that all credit
for the friendship was due to the monkey and none to the man.
In his intercourse with his fellow human beings, civilized or un-
civihzed, he appears to have uniformly acted in a lofty spirit of
unselfishness. While never missing an opportunity for furthering
the interests of science, he sought no personal recognition. He
suppressed his own ardent longing for scientific pursuits, because
love of his neighbour demanded from him work of a more immedi-
ately practical character. His widow writes : — " He never sought
nor cared for rev\ard or praise. The love and veneration which
surrounded him in his closing years were to him always a matter
of unfeigned surprise and of a gentle pleasure for my sake who
had the privilege for twenty years of sharing his life and fortunes."
Permission has been obtained for confirming the testimonies of
domestic affection and pri\ate friendship by the publication of the
following official letter addressed to Lady Low from Downing
Street, April 27, 1905 :—

" Madam, I am directed by jNIr. Secretary Lyttelton to express
the regret with which he has learned of the death of your husband,
Sir Hugh Low, and to convey to you his sympathy with you in
your bereavement.

" Sir Hugh Low for forty years rendered exceptional service to
the British Government in Labuan and in the Malay Peninsula.
Taking up the appointment of Resident of Perak at a time of
peculiar difficulty, he laid the foundation and in large measure
reared the structure of the present prosperity of the Federated
Malay States.

" He won the confidence of the Native Races placed under his

42 rEOCEEBINGS OF THE

charge in a singular degree, and he equally secured and retained
the confidence of those under whom he served.

" Mr. Lyttelton wishes as Secretary of State for the Colonies to
bear witness at once to his public services and to the character
and qualities which inspired those services : and he would put on
record in this letter, a copy of which will be sent to the High
Commissioner for the Federated Malayan States, his sense of the
lasting gratitude which is due to the name and the memory of
Sir Hugh Low from all who dwell in or are concerned with the
British possessions and Protectorates in the Malay Indies.

" I am, Madam, your obedient servant,

(Signed) C. P. Lucas."

The Linnean Society cannot fail to deplore the loss of one who
was so great an ornament to its ranks, and whose companionship
in the past would have been still more emphatically cherished, had
not his serene unconsciousness of his own distinguished capacity
kept him ever in the background. [T. E. E. S.]

JoHis^ George Ltjehma]s'n^ was boi-n in 1843, and settled in
Victoria in 1862. Pive years later he became secretary to Si